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ASTM D2256-97

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns, either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that stretch more than 5.0% when tension is increased from 5 to 10 mN/tex (0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex).
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.
1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in: (A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.
1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of specimens that are:(1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed, (3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.
Note 1-Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers; namely, asbestos, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Method D 885, Specification D 299, and Specification D 578.  
Note 2-For directions covering the determination of breaking force of yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D 1578.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jan-1997
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2256-02 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D76/D76M-21 - Standard Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
Effective Date
10-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM D1578-93(2022) - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
Effective Date
10-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM F1551-09(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Comprehensive Characterization of Synthetic Turf Playing Surfaces and Materials
Effective Date
10-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM D7508/D7508M-20 - Standard Specification for Polyolefin Chopped Strands for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
10-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM D3218-07(2018) - Standard Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
Effective Date
10-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM D5446-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
Effective Date
10-Jan-1997

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ASTM D2256-97 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand MethodASTM D2256-97 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method
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ASTM D2256-97 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2256 – 97
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2256; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein
Form
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns,
D 2101 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Man-
either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that
Made Textile Fibers Taken from Yarns and Tows
stretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.0 cN/tex (0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex).
D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modu-
Textiles
lus, and breaking toughness.
E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations
1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in:
(A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.
3. Terminology
1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of
3.1 Definitions:
specimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed,
3.1.1 breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a
(3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated
material carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, break-
temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.
ing strength. Syn., force at break).
NOTE 1—Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers;
3.1.2 breaking strength, n—strength expressed in terms of
namely, asbestos, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific
the breaking force. (See also breaking force and strength.
products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Method
Syn., strength at break).
D 885, Specification D 299, and Specification D 578.
3.1.3 breaking tenacity, n—the tenacity at the breaking
NOTE 2—For directions covering the determination of breaking force of
force. See also breaking force, tenacity.
yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D 1578.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Breaking tenacity commonly is ex-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
pressed as centinewton/ptex (cN/tex) or gram-force/p denier
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(gf/den). The breaking tenacity is either a calculated value
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
using the breaking force and linear density of the unstrained
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
specimen or directly from the tensile machines that can be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
adjusted suitably to indicate tenacity instead of force for
specimens of known linear density.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.4 breaking toughness, n—toughness up to the breaking
2.1 ASTM Standards:
force of a material.
D 76 Specifications for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to
tiles
2 the area under the force-elongation curve from the origin to the
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
breaking force. In textile strands, it is expressed as work
D 299 Specification for Asbestos Yarns
2 (joules)/punit linear density.
D 578 Specification for Glass Fiber Yarns
3.1.5 chord modulus, n—in a stress-strain curve, the ratio of
D 885 Methods of Testing Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics,
the change in stress to the change in strain between two
and Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Organic-Base
specified points on the curve.
Fibers
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The chord modulus is expressed in
centinewton/p tex (cN/tex) or in gram-force/p denier (gf/den).
3.1.6 elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods, to the length of the material prior to stretching expressed as a
General.
percent.
Current edition approved Jan 10, 1997. Published March 1997. Originally
published as D 2256 – 64 T. Last previous edition D 2256 – 95a.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 7.01.
3 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2256
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Elongation may be measured at any configurations of the specimen:
specified force or at rupture. 4.2.1 Configuration A, straight.
3.1.7 elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding 4.2.2 Configuration B, knotted.
to the breaking force. (Compare elongation at rupture. See 4.2.3 Configuration C, looped.
also elongation. Syn., breaking elongation.) 4.3 This test method also offers the following six conditions
3.1.8 elongation at rupture, n—the elongation correspond- of test with respect to moisture content of the specimens at the
ing to the force-at-rupture. (Compare elongation at break.) time of testing:
3.1.9 initial modulus, n—in a stress-strain curve, the slope 4.3.1 Condition 1, conditioned to moisture equilibrium for
of the initial straight-line portion of the curve. testing with standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
3.1.9.1 Discussion—The initial modulus usually is ex- 4.3.2 Condition 2, wet not immersed.
pressed in centinewton/ptex (cN/tex) or in gram-force/pdenier 4.3.3 Condition 3, wet immersed.
(gf/den). 4.3.4 Condition 4, oven-dried.
3.1.10 knot breaking force, n—in tensile testing, the break- 4.3.5 Condition 5, high temperature.
ing force of a strand having a specified knot configuration tied 4.3.6 Condition 6, low temperature.
in the portion of the strand mounted between the clamps of a 4.4 A test option is specified by combining a specimen
tensile testing machine. (Compare knot breaking strength.) configuration and a moisture content condition, for example,
See also breaking force. Option Annex A1 means a straight specimen conditioned and
3.1.11 knot breaking strength, n—strength expressed in tested in a standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
terms of the knot breaking force. See also knot breaking 4.5 Unless otherwise indicated, the phase “single-strand
force. breaking force” is associated with Option Annex A1.
3.1.12 linear density, n—mass per unit length.
5. Significance and Use
3.1.12.1 Discussion—The tex unit (g/Km) is preferred over
5.1 Acceptance Testing—Option of Test Method D 2256 is
the denier unit (g/9 Km).
considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial
3.1.13 loop breaking force, n—in tensile testing, the break-
shipments since the test method has been used extensively in
ing force of a specimen consisting of two lengths of strand
the trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is not
from the same supply looped together in a specified configu-
applicable to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wet
ration and mounted between the clamps of a tensile testing
specimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on speci-
machine. (Compare loop breaking strength.) See also break-
mens exposed to low or high temperatures. The procedures in
ing force.
this test method should be used with caution for acceptance
3.1.14 loop breaking strength, n—strength expressed in
testing because factual information on between-laboratory
terms of the loop braking force. See also loop breaking force,
precision and bias is not available.
strength.
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in
3.1.15 single-strand breaking force, n—in tensile testing,
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
the breaking force of one strand that follows a specified path,
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
usually a straight line, between the clamps of a tensile testing
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
machine. (Compare breaking force.)
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
3.1.16 single-strand breaking strength, n—strength ex-
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
pressed in terms of the single-strand breaking force. See also
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
single-strand breaking force, strength.
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
3.1.17 strength, n—the property of a material that resists
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
deformation induced by external forces. (Compare force.)
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
3.1.18 tenacity, n—in a tensile test, the force exerted on the
to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
specimen based on the linear density of the unstrained material.
laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical
3.1.19 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
analysis for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level
method, refer to Terminology D 123. For definitions of force,
chosen by the two parties before the testing begins. If a bias is
deformation and related properties, refer to Terminology
found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the
D 4848.
purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test
4. Summary of Test Method
results in the light of the known bias.
4.1 Single-strand yarn specimens are broken on a tension 5.2 Fundamental Properties—The breaking tenacity, calcu-
testing machine at a predetermined elongation rate and the lated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the
breaking force and the elongation at break are determined. elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to
Elongation at a specified force or the force or tenacity at a establish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and on
specified elongation may also be obtained. Breaking force, their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the
breaking tenacity, elongation, initial and chord modulus, and resistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yield
breaking toughness of the test specimen, in terms of linear point. The chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance to
density, may be calculated from machine scales, dials, record- imposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of the
ing charts, or by an interfaced computer. work necessary to break the yarn.
4.2 This test method offers the following three physical 5.3 Comparison to Skein Testing—The single-strand
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2256
method gives a more accurate measure of breaking force force has generally been found to exist between CRT and CRE
present in the material than does the skein method and uses less tension testing machines. Consistent results are also obtained
material. The skein-breaking force is always lower than the between different manufacturers of CRL tension testing ma-
sum of the breaking forces of the same number of ends broken chines when they are operated at the same time-to-break. The
individually. agreement is not necessarily good, however, between CRE or
CRT tension testing machines on the one hand and CRL
5.4 Applicability—Most yarns can be tested by this test
tension testing machines on the other even when they are all
method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be
necessary for a given yarn depending upon its structure and operated at the same time-to-break. The CRE-type tester is the
preferred tension testing machine.
composition. To prevent slippage in the clamps or damage as a
result of being gripped in the clamps, special clamping 5.9.2 This test method specifies an average time-to-break of
20 6 3 s as recommended by ISO TC 38 on Textiles, The
adaptations may be necessary with high modulus yarns made
from fibers such as glass or aramid or extended chain polyole- International Standards Association test committee for stan-
dardizing tests for fibers, yarns, and fabrics. It also provides for
fin. Specimen clamping may be modified as required at the
discretion of the individual laboratory providing a representa- alternate speeds, such as 300 6 10 mm (12 6 0.5 in.)/min
when using a 250-mm (10-in.) gage length. See 9.2.
tive force-elongation curve is obtained. In any event, the
procedure described in this test method for obtaining tensile 5.9.3 The tolerance of 63 s for the time-to-break is wide
enough to permit convenient adjustment of the tension testing
properties must be maintained.
machine’s rate of operation, and it is narrow enough to ensure
5.5 Breaking Strength—The breaking strength of a yarn
good agreement between tests. The difference in breaking force
influences the breaking strength of fabrics made from the yarn,
between tests at 17 and 23 s will usually not exceed 1.5 % of
although the breaking strength of a fabric also depends on its
the higher value.
construction and may be affected by manufacturing operations.
5.9.4 In case a tension testing machine is not capable of
5.5.1 Since for any fiber-type breaking strength is approxi-
being operated at 20-s time-to-break, alternative rates of
mately proportional to linear density, strands of different sizes
operation are included in this test method. These alternative
can be compared by converting the observed breaking strength
rates may be used only by agreement between the parties
to breaking tenacity (centinewtons per tex, grams-force per tex,
concerned or when required in an applicable material specifi-
or grams-force per denier).
cation.
5.6 Elongation—The elongation of a yarn has an influence
5.10 Tests on Wet Specimens—Tests on wet specimens are
on the manufacturing process and the products made. It
usually made only on yarns which show a loss of breaking
provides an indication of the likely stretch behavior of garment
force when wet or when exposed to high humidity, for
areas such as knees, elbows, or other points of stress. It also
example, yarns made from animal fibers and man-made fibers
provides
...

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1.2.1 Yarns or cords for testing may be taken from yarn or cord packages or from fabrics.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Referee decisions are to use SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6774-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties for Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The properties and their variability as measured by this method relate to bulk appearance, stretch and recovery of fabrics and dyeability of yarns.  
5.3 For some yarns, elapsed time between processing and testing has a marked effect on the results, of this test, especially during the first 72 h. The effect is caused by stress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh day and after which time the yarn remains relatively stable. Therefore, specimens should only be compared if tested after the same elapsed time. Samples can be tested at-line, thus having little to no elapsed time between processing and testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of crimp contraction, residual fiber shrinkage and their variability of all types of filament yarns (partially oriented yarn (POY), fully oriented yarn (FOY), flat yarns, textured and bulked continuous filament (BCF) carpet yarns) using an automated tester.
Note 1: For another method of testing crimp in textured yarns, refer to Test Method D4031.  
1.1.1 This method may also be used for non-textured yarns.  
1.2 This test method is limited to crimped, multi-filament yarns ranging from 22.0 dtex to 890 dtex (15 denier to 800 denier) and for BCF yarns from 890 dtex to 4200 dtex (800 denier to 3800 denier).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6612-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number Variability Using Automated Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Test Method D6612 also is used for the quality control of filament yarns.  
5.3 Indices of Variability:  
5.3.1 Coefficient of Variation—%CV is a standard statistical calculation and is the most common index of yarn unevenness. For most textile applications in the 80 to 330 dtex (70 to 300 denier) range, a 1.0 to 1.3 %CV is adequate. %CV of yarns coarser than 666 dtex (600 denier) is not routine and usually not meaningful. %CV is less discriminating that %DS.  
5.3.2 Bad/Good Test—%BGT...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarn number up to 4000 dtex (3600 denier) and related variability properties of filament and spun yarns using an automated tester with capability for measuring mass variability characteristics.  
1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.  
Note 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907. For another method of measuring variability (unevenness) in yarn, refer to Test Method D1425.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1423/D1423M-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D2256/D2256M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—Option A1 of Test Method D2256 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is not applicable to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wet specimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on specimens exposed to low or high temperatures and should be used with caution for acceptance testing because factual information on between-laboratory precision and bias is not available.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Fundamental Properties—The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yield point. The chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance to imposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of the work necessary to break the yarn.  
5.3 Comparison to Skein Testing—The single-strand method gives a more a...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns, either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that stretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to 1.0 cN/tex [0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex].  
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, and breaking toughness.  
1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in: (A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.  
1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of specimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed, (3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.  
Note 1: Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers; namely, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Methods D885, and Specification D578.
Note 2: For directions covering the determination of breaking force of yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D1578.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization estab...

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