ASTM F2248-19

Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a design load suitable for sizing blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass.  
5.2 Blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass shall be sized to resist the 3-second duration equivalent design loading from this standard practice using the procedures described in Practice E1300.  
5.3 In the event a blast loading does not occur to blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass sized using the 3-second duration loading determined herein, the blast resistant glazing will have a probability of breakage less than or equal to 8 lites per 1000 at the first occurrence of a loading equal to the 3-second duration design loading determined herein.  
5.4 Blast resistant glazing designed to resist the 3-second equivalent load as determined herein, when properly supported as part of a blast resistant glazing system, is designed to perform to minimal hazard as defined in Test Method F2912.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equivalent 3-second design loading suitable to use with Practice E1300 to select the thickness and type of blast resistant glazing fabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration. Glass plies used to construct laminated glass are recommended to be either annealed or heat strengthened glass. This analytical method for glazing should be used with caution for glazing panels larger than 1.8 m by 2.4 m (6 ft by 8 ft) as this size panel exceeds database of testing upon which this standard is based.  
1.2 This practice applies to blast resistant glazing fabricated using laminated glass only, including single laminated glass and insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass. As a minimum, insulating glass shall use laminated glass for the inboard (protected side) lite.  
1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shall be attached to its supporting frame using a captured bite so that it does not detach in the event of fracture due to a blast event.  
1.4 Blast resistant glazing designed using this practice recommends the use of annealed or heat strengthened glass plies for the laminated glass. Blast testing has shown that use of fully tempered glass plies, when fractured during a blast event, have poorer post blast performance than annealed or heat strengthened glass plies. Laminated glass fabricated with fully tempered glass plies has a tendency to leave the supporting glazing system frame after fracture whereas laminated glass fabricated with annealed or heat strengthened glass plies will remain in the frame and absorb remaining load through tensile membrane behavior. Use of the annealed or heat strengthened glass plies will also reduce the amount of load transferred into the structure.  
1.5 The equivalent 3-second design load as determined herein shall not apply to the design of monolithic glazing, plastic glazing, or security film applied to existing glazing configurations in an attempt to achieve blast resistance.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only. For conversion of quantities in various systems of measurements to SI units refer to ANSI IEEE/SI 10.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers ...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2019
• ICS: 81.040.30 - Glass products
• Technical Committee: F12 - Security Systems and Equipment
• Drafting Committee: F12.10 - Systems Products and Services

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F2248-12 - Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass
• Effective Date: 01-May-2019
• Refers: ASTM E1300-24 - Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM C1048-18 - Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2018
• Refers: ASTM F1642/F1642M-17 - Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2017
• Refers: ASTM F2912-17 - Standard Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2017
• Refers: ASTM C1564-15 - Standard Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015
• Refers: ASTM C1422/C1422M-15 - Standard Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat Glass
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2015
• Refers: ASTM E631-15 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2015
• Refers: ASTM E631-14 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Refers: ASTM C1172-14 - Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2014
• Refers: ASTM E1300-12a - Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM E1300-12ae1 - Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM E1300-12 - Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Refers: ASTM C1048-12 - Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2012
• Refers: ASTM C1048-12e1 - Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2012

Overview

ASTM F2248-19, developed by ASTM International, is a key standard practice for specifying an equivalent 3-second duration design loading for blast resistant glazing fabricated with laminated glass. The standard enables designers and engineers to determine appropriate design loads for sizing and specifying laminated glass glazing that provides reliable blast resistance for building fenestrations. With the increasing need for safety and security in architectural glazing, this standard offers a consistent analytical approach to enhance the performance of laminated glass assemblies against explosive blast events.

Key Topics

• Design Load Determination: ASTM F2248-19 defines a method for specifying an equivalent 3-second duration design loading, enabling effective sizing of blast resistant glazing and ensuring consistent protection levels.
• Laminated Glass Requirements: The standard applies to both single laminated glass and insulating glass units fabricated with laminated glass, emphasizing the use of annealed or heat-strengthened glass plies. Fully tempered glass is not recommended due to reduced performance after breakage in blast scenarios.
• Glazing Attachment and Support: Proper attachment of glazing to supporting frames is critical. The practice assumes the use of captured bite methods to ensure glass remains supported even after fracture, helping absorb remaining loads and minimize structural transfer.
• System Performance: Blast resistant glazing designed to resist the 3-second equivalent load, when correctly supported within a system, is expected to achieve minimal hazard performance as defined by ASTM's blast testing methodologies.
• Limitations: The practice is not applicable to monolithic glass, plastic glazing, or systems using security film added to existing glass. It should be applied with caution to panels larger than 1.8 x 2.4 m due to limits of available test data.

Applications

ASTM F2248-19 is widely used for:

• Architectural Glazing Design: Ensuring the safety of building occupants by minimizing hazards from glass breakage and blast overpressure in facilities that may be at risk of accidental or intentional explosions.
• Security Retrofit Projects: Providing specifications for new and replacement glazing in government, commercial, and public buildings requiring enhanced blast resistance.
• Compliance for Critical Infrastructure: Meeting safety requirements for transportation hubs, embassies, defense installations, and data centers where blast mitigation is essential.
• Risk Assessment: Supporting consultants and engineering professionals in performing risk-based design using standardized loading assumptions to maximize glazing system performance.

Proper implementation of this standard can help prevent injuries caused by flying glass fragments, reduce property damage, and ensure the integrity of glazing systems during explosion events.

Related Standards

Key ASTM and referenced standards applicable to blast resistant glazing and related design include:

• ASTM E1300 - Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
• ASTM C1036 - Specification for Flat Glass
• ASTM C1048 - Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
• ASTM C1172 - Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
• ASTM F2912 - Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
• ASTM F1642 - Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
• ASTM C1564 - Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems
• ANSI IEEE/SI 10 - Use of the International System of Units (SI)

Together, these standards provide a robust framework for the specification, design, testing, and validation of blast resistant glazing systems. Incorporating ASTM F2248-19 in project specifications ensures a high level of protection, supports regulatory compliance, and promotes international best practices in blast mitigation for glazed building envelopes.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2248 − 19
Standard Practice for
Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading
for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated
Glass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2248; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Historical records show that fragments from glazing that has failed as the result of intentional or
accidental explosions present a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blast
pressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury and
facility damage. This standard practice provides a means for designers to determine equivalent
3-second duration design loadings with which they can size blast resistant glazing comprised of
laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass, or both. Blast resistant glazing
systems of this genre can reduce the number and size of glass fragments in an explosion as well as
reducing greatly or eliminating blast pressure that enters buildings when an explosion occurs.
1. Scope event, have poorer post blast performance than annealed or
heat strengthened glass plies. Laminated glass fabricated with
1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equiva-
fully tempered glass plies has a tendency to leave the support-
lent 3-second design loading suitable to use with Practice
ing glazing system frame after fracture whereas laminated
E1300toselectthethicknessandtypeofblastresistantglazing
glass fabricated with annealed or heat strengthened glass plies
fabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration. Glass
will remain in the frame and absorb remaining load through
plies used to construct laminated glass are recommended to be
tensile membrane behavior. Use of the annealed or heat
either annealed or heat strengthened glass. This analytical
strengthened glass plies will also reduce the amount of load
method for glazing should be used with caution for glazing
panelslargerthan1.8mby2.4m(6ftby8ft)asthissizepanel transferred into the structure.
exceeds database of testing upon which this standard is based.
1.5 The equivalent 3-second design load as determined
1.2 Thispracticeappliestoblastresistantglazingfabricated
herein shall not apply to the design of monolithic glazing,
using laminated glass only, including single laminated glass
plastic glazing, or security film applied to existing glazing
and insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass. As a
configurations in an attempt to achieve blast resistance.
minimum, insulating glass shall use laminated glass for the
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
inboard (protected side) lite.
standard.Values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shall
For conversion of quantities in various systems of measure-
beattachedtoitssupportingframeusingacapturedbitesothat
ments to SI units refer to ANSI IEEE/SI 10.
it does not detach in the event of fracture due to a blast event.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.4 Blast resistant glazing designed using this practice
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
recommends the use of annealed or heat strengthened glass
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
plies for the laminated glass. Blast testing has shown that use
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
of fully tempered glass plies, when fractured during a blast
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
1 dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on Security
Systems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 on
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Systems Products and Services.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved May 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2248–12. DOI:
10.1520/F2248-19. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2248 − 19
2. Referenced Documents residual surface compression is not less than 69 MPa (10000
2 psi) or the edge compression not less than 67 MPa (9700 psi)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
as defined in Specification C1048.
C1036Specification for Flat Glass
3.1.6.4 heat strengthened (HS) glass, n—a flat, monolithic,
C1048Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tem-
glass lite of uniform thickness that has been subjected to a
pered Flat Glass
special process where the residual surface compression is not
C1172Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
less than 24 MPa (3500 psi) or greater than 52 MPa (7500 psi)
C1422/C1422MSpecification for Chemically Strengthened
as defined in Specification C1048.
Flat Glass
C1564Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective
3.1.6.5 insulating glass (IG), n—consists of any combina-
Glazing Systems
tion of two glass lites that enclose a sealed space filled with air
E631Terminology of Building Constructions
or other gas.
E1300PracticeforDeterminingLoadResistanceofGlassin
3.1.6.6 laminated glass, n—a flat lite of uniform thickness
Buildings
consisting of two or more monolithic glass plies bonded
F1642/F1642MTest Method for Glazing and Glazing Sys-
together with interlayer materials as defined in Specification
tems Subject to Airblast Loadings
C1172.
F2912Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Sub-
3.1.6.7 Discussion—Many different interlayer materials are
ject to Airblast Loadings
used in laminated glass. The information in this practice
2.2 ANSI Standard:
applies only to laminated glass fabricated with polyvinyl
IEEE/SI10Use of the International System of Units (SI):
butyral (PVB) interlayers.
(The Modernized Metric System)
3.1.7 glazing, n—transparent, translucent, or opaque lami-
3. Terminology
nated glass used for windows, doors, or other panels.
3.1 Definitions: 3.1.8 glazing system, n—the assembly comprised of the
3.1.1 blast resistant glazing, n—glazing that provides pro-
glazing, its framing system, and anchorage devices.
tection against air blast pressure generated by explosions.
3.1.9 lateral, adj—perpendicular to the glass surface.
3.1.2 blast resistant glazing systems, n—afenestrationprod-
3.1.10 load, n—a uniformly distributed lateral pressure.
uct that includes, but is not limited to, blast resistant glazing,
3.1.11 load resistance, n—the 3-second duration uniform
framing systems, connections, and materials, when used, to
lateralloadthataglassconstructioncansustainassociatedwith
adhere the glazing to the frame and hardward.
a probability of breakage of 8 L per 1000 as determined from
3.1.3 design load, n—magnitude in kPa (psf) of 3-second
Practice E1300.
duration uniformly distributed lateral pressure.
3.1.12 maximum air blast pressure, n—the peak reflected
3.1.4 equivalent TNT charge mass, n—mass of TNT placed
positive pressure that the blast resistant glazing will experi-
on the ground in a hemisphere that represents the design
ence.
explosive threat.
3.1.13 probability of breakage (P ), n—the fraction of glass
b
NOTE 1—If a different high explosive material comprises the design
lites or plies that would break at the first occurrence of a
threat, tables exist to convert its mass to an equivalent TNT mass. Refer
specified design load, typically expressed in lites per 1000.
to Test Method F1642/F1642M, for example.
3.1.14 standoff distance, n—the distance from the glazing
3.1.5 glass breakage, n—the fracture of any lite or ply in
surface to the centroid of a hemispherical high explosive
monolithic, laminated, or insulating glass.
charge.
3.1.6 glass types:
3.1.6.1 annealed (AN) glass, n—a flat, monolithic, glass lite 4. Summary of Practice
of uniform thickness where the residual su
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2248 − 12 F2248 − 19
Standard Practice for
Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading
for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated
Glass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2248; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Historical records show that fragments from glazing that has failed as the result of intentional or
accidental explosions present a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blast
pressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury and
facility damage. This standard practice provides a means for designers to determine equivalent
3-second duration design loadings with which they can size blast resistant glazing comprised of
laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass, or both. Blast resistant glazing
systems of this genre can reduce the number and size of glass fragments in an explosion as well as
reducing greatly or eliminating blast pressure that enters buildings when an explosion occurs.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equivalent 3-second design loading suitable to use with Practice E1300 to
select the thickness and type of blast resistant glazing fabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration. Glass plies used to
construct laminated glass are recommended to be either annealed or heat strengthened glass. This analytical method for glazing
should be used with caution for glazing panels larger than 1.8 m by 2.4 m (6 ft by 8 ft) as this size panel exceeds database of testing
upon which this standard is based.
1.2 This practice applies to blast resistant glazing fabricated using laminated glass only, including single laminated glass and
insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass. As a minimum, insulating glass shall use laminated glass for the inboard (protected
side) lite.
1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shall be adheredattached to its supporting frame using structural silicone
sealant or adhesive glazing tape. The width of the structural silicone sealant bead shall be at least equal to the larger of 10-mm
(a captured bite so that ⁄8-in.) or the thickness designation of the glass to which it adheres but not larger than two times the
thickness designation of the glass to which it adheres. The minimum thickness of the structural silicone bead shall be 5-mm (it
does not detach in the event of fracture due to a blast event. ⁄16-in.). The width of glazing tape shall be at least equal to two times
but not more than four times the thickness designation of the glass to which it adheres. The width of silicone or glazing tape is
referred to as bite and is shown and discussed in Guide C1564.
1.4 This practice assumes that the structural silicone bead or glazing tape is applied to both sides of single lite laminated glass
but need only be applied to the inboard side (protected side) of insulating glass.
1.5 This practice assumes the framing members shall restrict deflections of edges of blast resistant glazing they support to L/60
under 2.0× the load resistance of the blast resistant glazing for inward loading, where L denotes the length of the supported edge.
1.6 This practice assumes the framing system supporting the blast resistant glazing shall attach mechanically to the structural
framing system. The system shall be designed to ensure that the glazing fails prior to the framing system that supports the glazing
and its attachment to the structural framing system. The fasteners that attach the framing system that supports the glazing to the
structural framing system shall be designed to resist a uniform load acting on the blast resistant glazing that has a magnitude of
at least:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on Security Systems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 on Systems
Products and Services.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012May 1, 2019. Published November 2012June 2019. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20092012 as
F2248 – 09.F2248 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/F2248-12.10.1520/F2248-19.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2248 − 19
1.6.1 Two (2.0) times the magnitude of the load resistance of the blast resistant glazing if the maximum air blast pressure is
greater than one half the magnitude of the load resistance of the blast resistant glazing, or
1.6.2 One (1.0) times the magnitude of the load resistance of the blast resistant glazing if the maximum air blast pressure is less
than one half the magnitude of the load resistance of the blast resistant glazing.
1.4 Blast resistant glazing designed using this practice recommends the use of annealed or heat strengthened glass plies for the
laminated glass. Blast testing has shown that use of fully tempered glass plies, when fractured during a blast event, have poorer
post blast performance than annealledannealed or heat strengthened glass plies. Laminated glass fabricated with fully tempered
glass plies has a tendency to leave the supporting glazing system frame after fracture whereas laminated glass fabricated with
annealed or heat strengthened glass plies will remain in the frame and absorb remaining load through tensile membrane behavior.
Use of the annealed or heat strengthened glass plies will also reduce the amount of load transferred into the structure.
1.5 The equivalent 3-second design load as determined herein shall not apply to the design of monolithic glazing, plastic
glazing, or security film applied to existing glazing configurations in an attempt to achieve blast resistance.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only. For
conversion of quantities in various systems of measurements to SI units refer to ANSI IEEE/SI 10.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1036 Specification for Flat Glass
C1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
C1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
C1422C1422/C1422M Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat Glass
C1564 Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
F1642F1642/F1642M Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
F2912 Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
2.2 ANSI Standard:
IEEE/SI 10 Use of the International System of Units (SI): (The Modernized Metric System)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 blast resistant glazing, n—glazing that provides protection against air blast pressure generated by explosions.
3.1.2 blast resistant glazing systems, n—a fenestration product that includes, but is not limited to, blast resistant glazing, framing
systems, connections, and materials, when used, to adhere the glazing to the frame and hardward.
3.1.3 design load, n—magnitude in kPa (psf) of 3-second duration uniformly distributed lateral pressure.
3.1.4 equivalent TNT charge mass, n—mass of TNT placed on the ground in a hemisphere that represents the design explosive
threat.
NOTE 1—If a different high explosive material comprises the design threat, tables exist to convert its mass to an equivalent TNT mass. Refer to Test
Method F1642F1642/F1642M, for example.
3.1.5 glass breakage, n—the fracture of any lite or ply in monolithic, laminated, or insulating glass.
3.1.6 glass types:
3.1.6.1 annealed (AN) glass, n—a flat, monolithic, glass lite of uniform thickness where the residual surface stresses are nearly
zero as defined in Specification C1036.
3.1.6.2 chemically strengthened glass, n—glass that has been strengthened by ion-exchange to produce a compressive stress at
the treated surface as defined in Specification C1422C1422/C1422M.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
F2248 − 19
3.1.6.3 fully tempered (FT) glass, n—a flat, monolithic, glass plate of uniform thickness made from annealed glass subjected
to a special heat treatment process whereby the residual surface compression is not less than 69 MPa (10 000 psi) or the edge
compression not less than 67 MPa (9700 psi) as defined in Specification C1048.
3.1.6
...