ASTM D88-94(1999)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
Standard Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the empirical procedures for determining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscosities of petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21 and 99°C (70 and 210°F). A special procedure for waxy products is indicated. Note 1-Test Methods D445 and D2170 are preferred for the determination of kinematic viscosity. They require smaller samples and less time, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be converted to Saybolt viscosities by use of the tables in Practice D2161. It is recommended that viscosity indexes be calculated from kinematic rather than Saybolt viscosities.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
American Association State
Designation: D 88 – 94 (Reapproved 1999) Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No: T72
Method 304—Federal Test
Method Standard No. 791b
Replaces Method 4285 of Federal Test
Method Standard No. 141A
Standard Test Method for
Saybolt Viscosity
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD 88;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
1.1 This test method covers the empirical procedures for
Viscosity)
determining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscosities
D 2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to
of petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21
Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity
and 99°C (70 and 210°F). A special procedure for waxy
D 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
products is indicated.
(Bitumens)
NOTE 1—Test Methods D 445 and D 2170 are preferred for the deter-
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
mination of kinematic viscosity. They require smaller samples and less
Petroleum Products
time, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be con-
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
verted to Saybolt viscosities by use of the tables in Practice D 2161. It is
Petroleum Products
recommended that viscosity indexes be calculated from kinematic rather
than Saybolt viscosities. E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
poses
standard.
E 102 Test Method for Saybolt Furol Viscosity of Bitumi-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
nous Materials at High Temperatures
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1 Definitions:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 Furol—an acronym of “Fuel and road oils.”
3.1.2 Saybolt Furol viscosity—the corrected efflux time in
2. Referenced Documents
seconds of 60 mLof sample flowing through a calibrated Furol
2.1 ASTM Standards:
orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity value is
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
2 reported in Saybolt Furol seconds, abbreviated SFS, at a
Closed Tester
specified temperature.
D 117 Guide to Test Methods and Specifications for Elec-
3 3.1.3 Saybolt Universal viscosity—the corrected efflux time
trical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
in seconds of 60 mL of sample flowing through a calibrated
D 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials
4 Universal orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity
D 244 Test Methods for Emulsified Asphalts
value is reported in Saybolt Universal seconds, abbreviated
SUS, at a specified temperature.
4. Summary of Test Method
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-8onRoofing,
Waterproofing, and Bituminous Materials and is the direct responsibility of
4.1 The efflux time in seconds of 60 mL of sample, flowing
Subcommittee D08.05 on Solvent-Bearing Bituminous Compounds for Roofing and
through a calibrated orifice, is measured under carefully
Waterproofing.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 1994. Published November 1994. Originally
published as D 88 – 21 T. In 1923, combined with former Methods D 47. Last
1 5
previous edition D 88 – 81 (1987)e . Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
3 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
4 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D88
controlled conditions. This time is corrected by an orifice 6.3 Thermometer Support, as shown in Fig. 3.
factor and reported as the viscosity of the sample at that
6.4 Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers, as listed in Table 1, for
temperature.
reading the temperature of the sample. Each thermometer shall
conform to the requirements listed in Specification E 1 for that
5. Significance and Use
ASTM Thermometer Number.
5.1 This test method is useful in characterizing certain
6.5 Bath Thermometers—Saybolt Viscosity thermometers,
petroleum products, as one element in establishing uniformity
or any other temperature-indicating means of equivalent accu-
of shipments and sources of supply.
racy.
5.2 SeeGuideD 117forapplicabilitytomineraloilsusedas
6.6 Filter Funnel, as shown in Fig. 4, equipped with
electrical insulating oils.
interchangeable 150-µm (No. 100) and 75-µm (No. 200)
5.3 The Saybolt Furol viscosity is approximately one tenth
wire-cloth inserts meeting the requirements of Specification
the Saybolt Universal viscosity, and is recommended for
characterization of petroleum products such as fuel oils and E 11 with respect to the wire cloth.
other residual materials having Saybolt Universal viscosities
6.7 Receiving Flask, as shown in Fig. 5.
greater than 1000 s.
6.8 Timer, graduated in tenths of a second, and accurate to
5.4 Determination of the Saybolt Furol viscosity of bitumi-
within 0.1 % when tested over a 60-min interval. Electric
nous materials at higher temperatures is covered by Test
timers are acceptable if operated on a controlled frequency
Method E 102.
circuit.
6. Apparatus
7. Sampling
6.1 Saybolt Viscometer and Bath, as shown in Fig. 1 and
7.1 SamplethematerialinaccordancewithPracticesD 140,
described in Annex A1.
6.2 Withdrawal Tube, as shown in Fig. 2. D 4057, or D 4177, as appropriate.
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
FIG. 1 Saybolt Viscometer with Universal and Furol Orifice
D88
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
FIG. 3 Thermometer Support
TABLE 1 ASTM Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers
Standard Test ASTM
Thermometer
Temperature Thermometer
Range° C (°F) Subdivisions,° C (°F)
°C (°F) No.
21.1 (70) 17C (17F) 19 to 27 0.1 (0.2)
(66to80)
25.0 (77) 17C (17F) 19 to 27 0.1 (0.2)
(66to80)
37.8 (100) 18C (18F) 34 to 42 0.1 (0.2)
(94 to 108)
50.0 (122) 19C (19F) 49 to 57 0.1 (0.2)
(120 to 134)
54.4 (130) 19C (19F) 49 to 57 0.1 (0.2)
(120 to 134)
60.0 (140) 20C (20F) 57 to 65 0.1 (0.2)
(134 to 148)
82.2 (180) 21C (21F) 79 to 87 0.1 (0.2)
(174 to 188)
98.9 (210) 22C (22F) 95 to 103 0.1 (0.2)
(204 to 218)
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
FIG. 2 Withdrawal Tube for Use with Saybolt Viscometer
8.5 Place the receiving flask (Fig. 5) beneath the viscometer
so that the graduation mark on the flask is from 100 to 130 mm
(4to5in.)belowthebottomoftheviscometertube,andsothat
8. Preparation of Apparatus
the stream of oil will just strike the neck of the flask.
8.1 Use a Universal orifice or tip for lubricants and distil-
8.6 Fill the bath to at least 6 mm ( ⁄4 in.) above the overflow
lates with efflux times greater than 32 s to give the desired
rim of the viscometer with an appropriate bath medium
accuracy. Liquids with efflux times greater than 1000 s are not
selected from Table 2.
conveniently tested with this orifice.
8.7 Provide adequate stirring and thermal control for the
8.2 Use a Furol orifice or tip for residual materials with
bath so that the temperature of a test sample in the viscometer
efflux times greater than 25 s to give the desired accuracy. See
will not vary more than 60.03°C (60.05°F) after reaching the
also 5.3.
selected test temperature.
8.3 Clean the viscometer thoroughly with an appropriate
8.8 Do not make viscosity measurements at temperatures
solvent of low toxicity; then remove all solvent from the
below the dew point of the room’s atmosphere.
viscometeranditsgallery.Cleanthereceivingflaskinthesame
8.9 For calibration and referee tests, keep the room tem-
manner.
perature between 20 and 30°C (68 and 86°F), and record the
NOTE 2—The plunger commonly supplied with the viscometer should actual temperature. However room temperatures up to 38°C
never be used for cleaning; its use might damage the overflow rim and
(100°F) will not introduce errors in excess of 1 %.
walls of the viscometer.
9. Calibration and Standardization
8.4 Set up the viscometer and bath in an area where they
will not be exposed to drafts or rapid changes in air tempera- 9.1 Calibrate the Saybolt Universal viscometer at periodic
ture, and dust or vapors that might contaminate a sample. intervals by measuring the efflux time at 37.8°C (100°F) of an
D88
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
FIG. 4 Filter Funnel for Use with Saybolt Viscometer
appropriate viscosity oil standard, following the procedure 9.3 Calibrate the Saybolt Furol viscometer at 50.0°C
given in Section 10. See Annex A2 for viscosity oil standards (122°F) in the same manner as above, using a viscosity oil
available. standard having a minimum efflux time of 90 s.
9.2 The efflux time of the viscosity oil standard shall equal 9.4 Viscometers or orifices requiring corrections greater
the certified Saybolt viscosity value. If the efflux time differs than 1.0 % sha
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.