ASTM D333-01(2021)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Clear and Pigmented Lacquers
Standard Guide for Clear and Pigmented Lacquers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods are intended to compile as well as provide screening tests in evaluating clear and pigmented lacquers as used in different coating operations.
3.2 Each coating system may contain from a simple one coat operation to a multicoat finishing system.
3.3 The substrates may be varied, ferrous and non ferrous, plastic or wood which can affect the performance of a given coating system.
3.4 Substrate cleaning, chemically or physically, is an essential and critical aspect to the performance of the coating system.
3.5 Results from the various tests are not necessarily all useful in evaluating the performance of the different types of coating systems used on the many varied substrates.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing lacquers and lacquer coatings. The test methods included are listed in Table 1.
Note 1: In accordance with Terminology D16, a lacquer is defined as a coating composition that is based on synthetic thermoplastic film-forming material dissolved in organic solvent(s) and that dries primarily by solvent evaporation. Typical lacquers include those based on nitrocellulose, other cellulose derivatives, vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.
Note 2: Lacquers may be applied under such diverse conditions, to so many different surfaces, and their dried films may be subjected to so many kinds of wear and exposure that it is not possible to assure desired performance from a single selection of test methods and numerical results therefrom. Those skilled in lacquer technology may find partial assurance of obtaining desired qualities in various types of lacquers through careful selection of the methods covered herein and intelligent interpretation of results therefrom.
Note 3: It is intended ultimately to remove all experimental procedures from Test Methods D333 and to establish them as a guide to the selection of test methods for lacquer and perhaps to interpretation of results therefrom. Temporarily there remain in Test Methods D333 a few tests that are too short or otherwise presently unsuitable for establishment under separate ASTM designations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D333 − 01 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Guide for
Clear and Pigmented Lacquers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D333; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverproceduresfortestinglacquers
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
and lacquer coatings. The test methods included are listed in
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
Table 1.
Applications
NOTE 1—In accordance with Terminology D16, a lacquer is defined as
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
a coating composition that is based on synthetic thermoplastic film-
D88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
forming material dissolved in organic solvent(s) and that dries primarily
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
by solvent evaporation. Typical lacquers include those based on
Closed Cup Tester
nitrocellulose, other cellulose derivatives, vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
NOTE 2—Lacquers may be applied under such diverse conditions, to so
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
manydifferentsurfaces,andtheirdriedfilmsmaybesubjectedtosomany
kinds of wear and exposure that it is not possible to assure desired ity)
performance from a single selection of test methods and numerical results
D522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached
therefrom. Those skilled in lacquer technology may find partial assurance
Organic Coatings
of obtaining desired qualities in various types of lacquers through careful
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
selection of the methods covered herein and intelligent interpretation of
D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
results therefrom.
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
NOTE 3—It is intended ultimately to remove all experimental proce-
dures from Test Methods D333 and to establish them as a guide to the Related Coating Products
selection of test methods for lacquer and perhaps to interpretation of
D610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted
results therefrom. Temporarily there remain in Test Methods D333 a few
Steel Surfaces
tests that are too short or otherwise presently unsuitable for establishment
D658 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
under separate ASTM designations.
Coatings by Air Blast Abrasive (Withdrawn 1996)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D659 MethodforEvaluatingDegreeofChalkingofExterior
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Paints (Withdrawn 1990)
only.
D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
Exterior Paints
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Exterior Paints
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Exterior Paints
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Paints
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ing) of Exterior Paints
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D870 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D01.55 on Factory Applied Coatings on Preformed Products. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1931. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D333 – 01 (2013). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D0333-01R21. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D333 − 01 (2021)
TABLE 1 List of Test Methods
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
ASTM ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
Test Method Section
Method
D1014 Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of
General Requirements 4 .
Paints and Coatings on Metal Substrates
Liquid Materials:
D1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of
Color of Clear Lacquers:
Gardner Color Scale 9 D1544
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
Platinum-Cobalt Scale 9 D1209
a Ferrous Base (Withdrawn 2006)
Flash Point:
Tag Closed Cup 11 D56, D1200 Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup
D93,
D1209 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-
D3278
Cobalt Scale)
Homogeneity:
Clarity and Cleanness 8 D2090
D1210 Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-
Fineness of Pigment Grind 8 D1210
Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage
Nonvolatile Matter 7 D1644
Sample Preparation 5 . D1211 Test Method for Temperature-Change Resistance of
Viscosity:
Clear Nitrocellulose Lacquer Films Applied to Wood
Ford Cup (Efflux) 10 D1200
(Withdrawn 2006)
Kinematic High Precision 10 D445
Weight per Gallon (Density) 6 D1475
D1308 Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on
Dried Films:
Clear and Pigmented Coating Systems
Abrasion Resistance:
D1400 TestMethodforNondestructiveMeasurementofDry
Air Blast Abrasion Tester 19 D658
Falling Sand Method 19 D968
Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a
Chip Resistance: 30 D3170
Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)
Color-Pigmented Coatings:
Spectrophotometric Method 15 E308
D1474 Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic
Munsell Color System 15 D1535
Coatings
Color Difference-Pigmented Coatings:
D1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
Visual Method 16 D1729
Instrumental Evaluation of Color
and Related Products
Differences of Opaque Materials 16 D2244
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
Elongation:
Conical Mandrel 17 D522 D1544 Test Method for Color ofTransparent Liquids (Gard-
Cylindrical Mandrel 17 D1737
ner Color Scale)
Film Thickness:
D1644 Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Varnishes
Nondestructive Magnetic Base 13 D1186
Nondestructive Nonmagnetic Metallic Base 13 D1400
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
Penetration Thickness Gage 13 D1400
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
Dial Comparator 13 D1005
Gloss: D1733 Method for Preparation of Aluminum Alloy Panels
Specular Gloss 14 D523
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products
Hardness Indentation Method 18 D1474
(Withdrawn 1979)
Hiding Power 27 D2805
Household Chemical Resistance 21 D1308
D1735 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
Light Stability 31 D2620
Using Water Fog Apparatus
Outdoor Exposure:
Preparation of Coated Panels: D1737 Method of Test for Elongation of Attached Organic
Aluminum Alloy Panels 22 D1733
Coatings with Cylindrical MandrelApparatus (Withdrawn
Steel Panels 22 D609
1988)
Test Procedures:
Exposure Tests Using Steel Panels 22 D1014
D2090 Test Method for Clarity and Cleanness of Paint and
Evaluating Blistering 22 D714 3
Ink Liquids (Withdrawn 2007)
Evaluating Chalking 22 D659
D2091 Test Method for Print Resistance of Lacquers
Evaluating Checking 22 D660
Evaluating Cracking 22 D661
D2199 Test Method for Measurement of Plasticizer Migra-
Evaluating Rusting 22 D610
tion From Vinyl Fabrics to Lacquers
Evaluating Erosion 22 D662
Evaluating Flaking 22 D772
D2204 Method of Test for Perspiration Resistance of Or-
Panel Preparation:
ganic Coatings (Withdrawn 1976)
Manual Spraying Method 12 .
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
Automatic Application 12 D823
Perspiration Resistance 28 D2204
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
Plasticizer Migration 29 D2199
Coordinates
Print Test 20 D2091
Salt Fog 24 B117 D2620 Test Method for Light Stability of Clear Coatings
Temperature-Change Resistance 23 D1211
(Withdrawn 2001)
Water Fog Testing 25 D1735
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
Water Immersion Test 26 D870
tometry
D3170 Test Method for Chipping Resistance of Coatings
D3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small
Using Water Immersion Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
Coatings by Falling Abrasive the CIE System
D333 − 01 (2021)
3. Significance and Use 8.2 Determine the presence or absence of foreign matter in
nonpigmentedliquidsforuseinpaintsandlacquersorlacquers
3.1 These test methods are intended to compile as well as
themselves as described in Test Method D2090.
provide screening tests in evaluating clear and pigmented
lacquers as used in different coating operations. 8.3 Determine the degree of dispersion (commonly referred
to as “fineness of grind”) of pigment, semiquantitatively, in
3.2 Each coating system may contain from a simple one
pigmented coating systems in accordance with Test Method
coat operation to a multicoat finishing system.
D1210.
3.3 The substrates may be varied, ferrous and non ferrous,
plastic or wood which can affect the performance of a given
9. Color
coating system.
9.1 The color of a clear lacquer is only a preliminary
3.4 Substrate cleaning, chemically or physically, is an es-
indication of the color of a dried film of lacquer. The initial
sential and critical aspect to the performance of the coating
color may bleach and another color may appear under certain
system.
conditions of exposure.
3.5 Results from the various tests are not necessarily all
9.2 Determine the color of clear lacquers as described in
useful in evaluating the performance of the different types of
Test Method D1544. This method gives a comparison of the
coating systems used on the many varied substrates.
color of the sample with that of a color reference standard.
9.3 Determine the color of essentially water-white lacquers
4. General Requirements
in accordance with Test Method D1209. This method shall be
4.1 All tests shall be made in diffused light (not in direct
usedwherethecolor-producingbodiesinthelacquerhavevery
sunlight), and at 23 6 2°C (73.5 6 3.5°F) and 50 6 5%
nearly the same light-absorption characteristics as those of the
relative humidity, unless otherwise specified.
platinum-cobalt standards.
5. Preparation of Sample 10. Viscosity
5.1 Many clear lacquers and all pigmented lacquers contain 10.1 Theviscosityofalacquerisapropertythatcanbeused
suspended solids that have a tendency to settle to the bottom of as a guide in determining the ease with which a given lacquer
the container. Stir any settled portion with a paddle or spatula may be applied. For example, lacquers designed for spray
and then shake vigorously for 10 min on a mechanical agitator. application may be low in viscosity whereas they are high for
doctor blade or roller application.
Since many lacquer solvents are extremely volatile, care
should be taken during sampling and testing to avoid loss of
10.2 Determine the viscosity of clear and pigmented fin-
significant amounts of volatile matter.
ishes designed for spray application as described in Test
Method D1200. This method is not recommended for lacquers
6. Weight Per Gallon
with viscosities requiring more than 100 s efflux time.
6.1 Determine the density as described in Test Method
10.3 For precise viscosity determinations in the range from
D1475. This method is particularly adaptable for high-
0.4 to 16 000 cSt proceed in accordance with Test Method
viscosity fluids or where a component is too volatile for a
D445.
specific gravity balance determination. If a weight per gallon
NOTE 4—Caution should be observed in that it is recognized that
cup of 83.2-mL capacity is used, calculation of weight per
changes in viscosity may occur in lacquers upon aging.
gallon is simplified.
11. Flash Point
7. Nonvolatile Matter
11.1 The organic solvents used in lacquers have character-
7.1 Nonvolatile matter determination is an indication of the
istic flash points. The flash point of a liquid is defined as the
amount of permanent film-forming material contained in a
lowest temperature, corrected to 760 mmHg (101.3 kPa) of
lacquer.At ambient temperatures, drying of a lacquer film may
pressure, of the sample at which application of an ignition
involve gradual loss of slowly volatile solvents, hence solids
source causes the vapor of the sample to ignite under specified
determinationsmaydifferfromthoseresultingfromanonvola-
conditions of test.
tile determination accelerated by a higher temperature.
11.2 Determine the flash point by Test Method D56 or Test
7.2 Determine the nonvolatile content of lacquers as de-
Methods D93 for liquid storage regulations of Occupational
scribed in Test Methods D1644.As an additional requirement,
SafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)ofU.S.Department
the specimen shall be reheated and reweighed until the weight
of Labor and for classification of hazardous liquids for ship-
is constant to within 1 mg. Test Method A of Test Methods
ments under the regulations of U. S. Department of Transpor-
D1644 is preferred since Method B is potentially dangerous
tation and bulk shipments by water.
when used with lacquers.
11.2.1 Determine the flash point of lacquer or lacquer
materials having a viscosity less than 9.5 cSt at 25°C (77°F) or
8. Homogeneity
45 SUS at 37.8°C (100°F) (Test Method D88) by Test Method
8.1 Good quality lacquers and their ingredients should be D56 and of lacquers having a viscosity of more than 9.5 cSt at
uniformly constituted and free from particles of foreign matter. 25°C (77°F) or 45 SUS at 37.8°C (100°F) by Metho
...
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