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ASTM D445-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)

Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, , of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, , can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, , by the density, , of the liquid. Note 1For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D 2170 and D 2171.Note 2
ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D 445.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see and ). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-May-2006
ICS
17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D445-04e2 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
15-May-2006
Referred By
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
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Referred By
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Effective Date
15-May-2006
Referred By
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Effective Date
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Referred By
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
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ASTM D128-98(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Analysis of Lubricating Grease
Effective Date
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ASTM D4731-13(2020) - Standard Specification for Hot-Application Filling Compounds for Telecommunications Wire and Cable
Effective Date
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ASTM D7415-22 - Standard Test Method for Condition Monitoring of Sulfate By-Products in In-Service Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Based Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry
Effective Date
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ASTM D445-06 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)ASTM D445-06 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
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ASTM D445-06 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
British Standard 2000: Part 71:1990
Designation: D 445 – 06
Designation: 71/1/97
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-
nation of the kinematic viscosity, n, of liquid petroleum
2. Referenced Documents
products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a
D 446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
calibratedglasscapillaryviscometer.Thedynamicviscosity, h,
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, n,by
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
the density, r, of the liquid.
D 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity
(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
of bitumens, see also Test Methods D 2170 and D 2171.
D 1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D 445.
(Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pyc-
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent
nometer
upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application
D 1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates
(Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicap-
are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the
illary Pycnometer
viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different
D 2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscom-
results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary
eters and Viscosity Oil Standards
diameters.The procedure and precision values for residual fuel
D 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian
(Bitumens)
behavior, have been included.
D 2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test
Capillary Viscometer
2
method is from 0.2 to 300 000 mm /s (see Table A1.1)atall
D 6071 Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High Purity
temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been
Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectros-
determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and
copy
temperaturesasshowninthefootnotestotheprecisionsection.
D 6074 Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Base Oils
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
D 6617 Practice for Laboratory Bias Detection Using
only.
Single Test Result from Standard Material
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E1 Specification forASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mometers
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D02.07 on Flow Properties. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved May 15, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
´2
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 445–04 . the ASTM website.
3
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Committee. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D445–06
ISO 3104 Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque 4. Summary of Test Method
Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-
4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid to
culation of Dynamic
...

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Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
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1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.  
Note 1: For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
Note 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.  
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.  
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The significance of this test method is that it provides a means for a reliable field determination of kinematic viscosity at 40 °C without requiring solvents or chemicals for cleaning. Field use implies that the fluid may be very opaque, such as an in-service engine oil. The device may be cleaned with a disposable lint-free oil-absorbent material such as a clean cotton shop rag, and requires only 60 µL of sample for operation. As such the device provides a unique service to a range of industries where it is difficult or undesirable to obtain chemicals of any sort in order to determine the kinematic viscosity of their fluid of interest. Examples of such industries include many marine-based systems where a laboratory does not exist on-board, mines where equipment is needed for on-the-spot determination of asset viscosity, and large industrial plants where a walk-around inspection of oil sumps greatly increases efficiency. By using this test method, one can serve these crucial use-cases where a direct, immediate measure of kinematic viscosity at 40 °C may otherwise be difficult to obtain.
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1.1 This test method describes a means for measuring the kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids such as new and in-service lubricating oils using a miniature microchannel viscometer at 40 °C in the range of 12.9 mm2/s to 174 mm2/s  
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1.3 This test method is specifically tailored to obtaining a rapid, direct, temperature- stabilized measure of the kinematic viscosity of new and in-service lubricants in the field in real- time without the use of solvents or chemical cleaning agents. The measurement takes place at 40 °C and kinematic viscosity is directly obtained. No temperature extrapolations or density corrections are necessary.  
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 9 on Hazards.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
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1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.  
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1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.1 A standard procedure is necessary to establish property changes for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.  
5.2 This procedure employs standardized equipment, and test procedures.  
5.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide summarizes methods to fractionate oil by evaporative weathering and then measure the properties and behavior of the weathered oil. The results of this guide can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models and response method selection.  
1.2 This guide covers general procedures for oil weathering and behavior and does not cover all possible procedures which may be applicable to this topic.  
1.3 The results obtained using this guide are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products when spilled and input to oil spill models.  
1.4 The results obtained using this guide can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.  
1.5 The accuracy of the guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have different properties depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
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  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off