ASTM D6670-01
(Practice)Standard Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
Standard Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and products (building materials, material systems, furniture, consumer products, etc.) and equipment (printers, photocopiers, air cleaners, etc.) under environmental and product usage conditions that are typical of those found in office and residential buildings.
1.2 This practice is for identifying VOCs emitted and determining their emission rates over a period of time.
1.3 This practice describes the design, construction, performance evaluation, and use of full-scale chambers for VOC emission testing.
1.4 While this practice is limited to the measurement of VOC emissions, many of the general principles and procedures (such as methods for evaluating the general performance of the chamber system) may also be useful for the determination of other chemical emissions (for example, ozone, nitrogen dioxide). Determination of aerosol and particle emissions is beyond the scope of this document.
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Designation:D6670–01
Standard Practice for
Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6670; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5116 Guide for Small–Scale Environmental Chamber
Determinations of Organic Emissions From Indoor
1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile or-
Materials/Products
ganiccompound(VOC)emissionsfrommaterialsandproducts
D 5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde
(building materials, material systems, furniture, consumer
and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active Sampler
products, etc.) and equipment (printers, photocopiers, air
Methodology)
cleaners, etc.) under environmental and product usage condi-
D 5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic
tions that are typical of those found in office and residential
Chemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-
buildings.
ogy)
1.2 This practice is for identifying VOCs emitted and
D 6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents and Pumped
determining their emission rates over a period of time.
Sampling/Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for
1.3 This practice describes the design, construction, perfor-
Volatile Organic Compounds in Air
mance evaluation, and use of full-scale chambers for VOC
D 6345 Guide for Selection of Methods forActive, Integra-
emission testing.
tive Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air
1.4 While this practice is limited to the measurement of
E 779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by
VOCemissions,manyofthegeneralprinciplesandprocedures
Fan Pressurization
(such as methods for evaluating the general performance of the
E 1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Con-
chamber system) may also be useful for the determination of
centrations inAir and Emission Rates fromWood Products
other chemical emissions (for example, ozone, nitrogen diox-
Using a Large Chamber
ide).Determinationofaerosolandparticleemissionsisbeyond
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 - Standard for Use of the International
the scope of this document.
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
2. Referenced Documents
2.2 Other Documents:
ACGIH 1995 (American Conference of Governmental In-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
dustrial Hygienists), Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Work
Atmospheres
EnvironmentandBiologicalExposureIndices.Cincinnati,
D 1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating
OH
to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
ASHRAE 1999, ASHRAE 62-99 “Ventilation for Accept-
D 3686 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-
able Indoor Air Quality,” American Society of Heating,
ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Atlanta,
sorption Method)
GA
CMEIAQ (Consortium for Material Emissions and Indoor
AirQuality)FinalReport1.1 AMethodforSamplingand
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Emission
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
Testing of Building Materials. Institute for Research in
D22.05 on Indoor Air.
Current edition approved May 10, 2001. Published July 2001.
Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
CMEIAQ Final Report 3.1 Models for Predicting Volatile
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions from Building
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6670–01
Materials, Institute for Research in Construction, National expressed by its exposed surface area (that is, an area source
Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, such as a painted gypsum wallboard surface), its dominant
Canada dimension (that is, a line source such as a caulk or sealant), its
ECA-IAQ (European Collaborative Action) “Indoor Air mass, or its standard setup (that is, a “unit” source such as a
Quality and Its Impact on Man,” 1997. Total volatile predefined work station system). As a result, the unit for the
organic compounds (TVOCs) in indoor air quality inves- emission factor will be mg/h, mg/(m h), mg/(m h), mg/(kg h),
tigations. Report No. 19. EUR 17675 EN. Luxembourg: and mg/(m h) for the “unit,” line, area, mass, and volume
Office for Official Publications of the European Commu- emission sources, respectively.
nity 3.2.5 emission rate—the mass of a VOC or total VOC
U.S. EPA Compendium of Methods for Determination of emitted from all the test specimen(s) present in the space per
Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, Report EPA- unit time, mg/h. It is equal to the emission factor times the
600/4-89/017 available through the National Technical amount of emission source.
Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161; PB90- 3.2.6 full-scale chamber—a room-size chamber that can
116989. This report contains TO-17 house the material/product to be tested in its real dimensions,
World Health Organization, 1989 “Indoor Air Quality: Or- and provide the required environmental conditions (tempera-
ganic Pollutants,” EURO Reports and Studies No. 111, ture, relative humidity, and air velocity) that are similar to the
World Health Organization, Copenhagen, pp. 1-64 material/product use in full-scale room conditions.
3.2.7 time zero—the start time when the emission factor is
3. Terminology
measured. It will depend on the purpose of the testing. For
example, time zero may be defined as the time when the test
3.1 Definitions—or definitions and terms commonly used in
ASTM standards, including this standard, refer toTerminology specimen is loaded into the chamber if the test specimen is
preparedoutsidethechamber.Alternatively,whentheemission
D 1356. For an explanation of units, symbols, and conversion
factors, refer to Practice D 1914. during an application process (for example, painting) is to be
tested, time zero may be defined as the time when the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 chamber loading ratio—thetotalamountoftestspeci- application begins.
3.2.8 total volatile organic compound (TVOC)—the sum of
men divided by the net air volume of the environmental test
3 3 2 3 3 3
chamber in 1/m , m/m,m /m , and m /m for unit, line, area, theconcentrationsofalltheindividualVOCscapturedfromair
by a given sorbent, or a given combination of several sorbents,
and volume emission sources, respectively (see 3.2.4).
3.2.2 clean air—defined in this practice as air that satisfies thermally desorbed into and eluted from a given gas chromato-
graphic system, and measured by a given detector. For VOC
all of the following criteria:
(1) concentrations of total VOCs# 10 µg/m ; definition, see Terminology D 1356.
(2) concentration of any individual compound to be mea-
NOTE 1—The measured value of TVOC will depend on the collection
sured# 2.0 µg/m ;
and desorption efficiency of the sorbent trap; the efficiency of transfer to
(3) particle concentrations # 100 particles/m of 0.5 µm
the GC column; the type and size of the GC column; the GC temperature
diameterorlarger(thatis,theClassM2accordingtoASHRAE program and other chromatographic parameters; and the type of GC
detector.
1995 (1) clean room requirement for >0.5 µm diameter
particles;
3.2.9 tracer gas—a gaseous compound that can be used to
(4) concentrations of ozone and other potentially reactive
determinethemixingcharacteristicsofthetestchamberandbe
species such as nitrogen oxides (NO ) and sulfur oxides (SO )
x x a cross-check of the air change rate.The tracer gas must not be
should be at or below detectable levels (for example, <10
emitted by the test specimen and must not be contained in the
µg/m ).
supply air.
3.2.3 clean air change rate (1/h)—the flow rate of clean air
4. Summary of Practice
(defined in 3.2.2)inm /h supplied into the chamber divided by
the net air volume (in m ) of the environmental test chamber 4.1 Materials or products are placed in a full-scale test
(that is, volume of an empty chamber minus the volume taken chamber within which temperature, relative humidity, and air
by all contents in the chamber during testing such as the test change rate are controlled according to set parameters. Air is
specimen, sampling ports). The clean air flow rate may be sampled at the exhaust of or inside the chamber, and analyzed
measured directly at the clean air supply duct. The clean air by appropriate methods to identify the major emitted com-
change rate can also be determined by conducting a tracer gas pounds and their concentrations as a function of time. The
test (for example, a tracer gas decay test) in the chamber. Note measured concentrations are then used to determine the emis-
sionrates,and/ortheemissioncharacteristicsofthematerialor
that the air exchange rate (in units of 1/h) is abbreviated as
ACH. product. This information can be used to assess the contribu-
tion of the materials and products to the concentrations in the
3.2.4 emission factor—the mass of a VOC or total VOC
emitted per unit time and per unit amount of source tested. space of interest (for example, the occupied zone).
Depending on the type of source, the amount of source may be
5. Significance and Use
5.1 VOCs emitted from materials/products affect indoor air
quality (IAQ) in buildings. To determine the impact of these
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this practice. emissions on IAQ, it is necessary to know their emission rates
D6670–01
over time. This practice provides guidelines for using a compared to that measured at the chamber exhaust. The
full-scale environmental chamber for testing large materials validity of using Eq 1 depends on how well the chamber’s
and full-scale material systems/assemblies. actual operation meets these assumptions. Therefore, the per-
5.2 While this practice is developed for measuring VOC formance of the chamber must be evaluated against certain
emissions, the chamber facilities and methods of evaluation criteria in order to obtain reliable and reproducible test results
presented in this practice are also useful for a variety of (see Section 8).
purposes including: (1) testing the emissions during the appli-
6.2 Tests Under Non-Uniform Concentration Conditions—
cationprocess(forexample,painting),orotherrelatedsources;
The full-scale chamber system can also be used to simulate the
(2) developing scaleup methods (for example, from small
room airflow conditions in real buildings, which are not
chamber results to a full-scale scenario); (3) studying the
necessarily well mixed (for example, in the case of a displace-
interaction between sources and sinks, and validating source/
ment ventilation system). In this case, the VOC concentrations
sink models which are the basis for IAQ prediction; and (4)
measured within a defined occupied zone in the chamber (for
testing interactions between source emissions and other com-
example, concentrations measured at the center of or various
pounds in the air (for example, NO , ozone, SO ).
locations within the chamber) can be used directly to simulate
x x
the impact of the test materials/products on the VOC concen-
6. Principles
tration levels in the room under a specified material/product
loading ratio and ventilation rate conditions that are similar to
6.1 Tests Under Uniform Chamber Concentration
those expected in real buildings. Such tests may be useful in
Conditions—Assuming that the concentration of each emitted
evaluating complex field situations. However, a detailed un-
VOC tested in the chamber air is uniform as a result of good
derstanding of air movement and emission dynamics for each
mixing,theconcentrationisthengovernedbythemassbalance
simulationisnecessaryinordertoextrapolatethetestresultsto
equation:
other field situations.
dC~t!
V 5 R~t!– QC~t!– S~t! (1)
Typical airflow patterns and air distributions in ventilated
dt
spaces may be simulated by appropriate designs of supply air
where:
diffusers and return air grilles with appropriate recirculated
V = air volume of the chamber excluding air volume
airflow rate if the goal is to assess emissions under realistic
taken by test specimens, m ;
airflow conditions. The total air change rate (outdoor/clean
t = time, h;
airflow rate plus the recirculated airflow rate) in office build-
C(t) = concentration of the emitted VOC in the air ex-
ings may range from 1.0 to 9.0/h, depending on the heating/
hausted from the chamber (can be measured at the
cooling requirements for the space. Typical types of air
chamber return or exhaust air ducts), mg/m ;
diffusers and airflow patterns in ventilated rooms are described
R(t) = emission rate of the source(s) in the chamber, mg/h;
in ASHRAE 1997c (1).
Q = clean air flow rate supplied to the chamber (mea-
6.3 Variables Affecting Emission Rates—The emission of
sured at clean air supply duct or determined by a
3 pollutants from indoor materials/products generally involves
tracer gas test), m /h; and,
three mass transfer processes: (1) diffusion of pollutants from
S(t) = sink term representing loss (or re-emission if nega-
within the material to the surface; (2) thermal dynamic mass
tive) of the VOC due to adsorption/desorption effect
equilibrium conditions at the material/air interface (that is, at
on the interior surfaces of the chamber and ducts,
thesurface);and(3)convectionfromthesurfacetotheambient
mg/h (see section 8.6 for its determination).
air. Variables affecting emission rates include those related to
BasedonEq1,theVOCemissionratesofatestspecimenas
the materials/products themselves (emitting source variables)
a function of time can be determined by measuring the
and those related to the environment within which they are
concentrations of the air exhausted from the chamber and the
tested or used (environmental variables). Other factors that
clean airflow rate (refer to Section 11 for the actual calculation
may affect emission rates include chemical reactions or oper-
procedure). The concentrations and clean airflow rate must be
ating conditions of the test product (for example, emissions
determined for the same temperature
...
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