ASTM E1210-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Process
Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Process
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for fluorescent penetrant examination utilizing the hydrophilic post-emulsification process. It is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examination. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
1.2.1 By which a fluorescent penetrant examination hydrophilic post-emulsification process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain their applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications dealing with the fluorescent penetrant examination of materials and parts using the hydrophilic post-emulsification process. Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is strongly recommended.
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code or specification or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Notes 4, 12, and 18.
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Designation: E 1210 – 99
Standard Test Method for
Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the
Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Process
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 All areas of this test method may be open to agreement
between the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-
1.1 This test method covers procedures for fluorescent
plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
penetrant examination utilizing the hydrophilic post-
organization.
emulsificationprocess.Itisanondestructivetestingmethodfor
detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as
2. Referenced Documents
cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, isolated porosity,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process,
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
final, and maintenance examination. It can be effectively used
eral Bomb Method)
in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both
D 516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
ferrous and nonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as
D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-
glazed or fully densified ceramics and certain nonporous
leum Products (Bomb Method)
plastics and glass.
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
(High-Temperature Method)
1.2.1 By which a fluorescent penetrant examination hydro-
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
philic post-emulsification process recommended or required by
E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain their
tion
applicability and completeness.
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications
Testing
dealing with the fluorescent penetrant examination of materials
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
and parts using the hydrophilic post-emulsification process.
2.2 ASNT Documents:
Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regarding
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
specific techniques is strongly recommended.
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards
2.3 Military Standard:
for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointed
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
out, however, that indications must be interpreted or classified
tion and Certification
and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate
2.4 AIA Standard:
code or specification or a specific agreement to define the type,
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
size, location, and direction of indications considered accept-
Testing Personnel
able, and those considered unacceptable.
2.5 DoD Contracts—Unless otherwise specified, the issue
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
statements, see Note 11 and Note 16.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlin-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on gate Plaza, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Current edition approved July 10, 1999. Published September 1999. Originally Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250
published as E 1210 – 87. Last previous edition E 1210 – 94. Eye St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1210–99
Specifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation. hydrophilic emulsifier, at the proper concentration, properly
2.6 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between applied, and given a proper emulsification time, combines with
this test method and the references cited herein, this test the excess surface penetrant to form a water-washable mixture,
method takes precedence. which can then be rinsed from the surface leaving the surface
free of fluorescent background. Proper concentration and
3. Terminology
hydrophilic emulsification time must be experimentally estab-
lished and maintained to assure that over-emulsification does
3.1 Definitions—definitions relating to liquid penetrant ex-
amination, which appear inTerminology E 1316, shall apply to not occur, resulting in loss of indications.
the terms used in this test method. 6.3 Hydrophilic Emulsifiers are liquids used to emulsify the
excess oily fluorescent penetrant on the surface of the part,
4. Summary of Test Method
rendering it water-washable (see 7.1.6). They are water-base
emulsifiers (detergent-type removers) that are supplied as
4.1 A post-emulsifiable, liquid, fluorescent penetrant is ap-
concentrates to be diluted with water and used as a dip
plied evenly over the surface being tested and allowed to enter
(maximum33 %)orspray(maximum5 %).Theconcentration,
open discontinuities. After a suitable dwell time and prerinse,
use, and maintenance shall be in accordance with manufactur-
the excess surface penetrant is removed by applying a hydro-
er’s recommendations.
philic emulsifier and the surface is rinsed and dried. A
6.3.1 Hydrophilic emulsifiers function by displacing the
developer is then applied drawing the entrapped penetrant out
of the discontinuity and staining the developer. If an aqueous excess penetrant film from the surface of the part through
developer is to be employed, the developer is applied prior to detergentaction.Theforceofthewatersprayorair/mechanical
the drying step. The test surface is then examined visually agitation in an open dip tank provides the scrubbing action
under black light in a darkened area to determine the presence whilethedetergentdisplacesthefilmofpenetrantfromthepart
or absence of indications. surface. The emulsification time will vary, depending on its
concentration. Its concentration can be monitored by the use of
NOTE 1—Caution: Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow
a suitable refractometer.
a visible penetrant examination unless the procedure has been qualified in
6.4 Developers—Development of penetrant indications is
accordance with 9.2, because visible dyes may cause deterioration or
quenching of fluorescent dyes. the process of bringing the penetrant out of discontinuities
through blotting action of the applied developer, thus increas-
4.2 Processing parameters such as precleaning, penetration
ing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Several types of
time, prerinsing, hydrophilic emulsifier concentration, etc., are
developers are suitable for use with the hydrophilic penetrant
determinedbythespecificmaterialsused,thenatureofthepart
process.
under examination (that is, size, shape, surface condition,
6.4.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that is,
alloy), type of discontinuities expected, etc.
free-flowing, noncaking powder) in accordance with
7.1.9.1(a). Care should be taken not to contaminate the
5. Significance and Use
developer with fluorescent penetrant, as the penetrant specks
5.1 Liquidpenetrantexaminationmethodsindicatethepres-
can appear as indications.
ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-
6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as dry
tude of the detected discontinuities. This test method is
powder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)
normally used for production examination of critical compo-
in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in
nents, where reproducibility is essential. More procedural
accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations (see
controls and processing steps are required than with other
7.1.9.1(b).
processes.
NOTE 4—Caution: Aqueous developers may cause stripping of indica-
6. Reagents and Materials
tions if not properly applied and controlled. The procedure should be
qualified in accordance with 9.2.
6.1 Liquid Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Materials,
for use in the hydrophilic post-emulsification process, (see
6.4.3 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are supplied as suspen-
Note 2) consist of a family of post-emulsifiable fluorescent
sions of developer particles in a nonaqueous, solvent carrier
penetrant, hydrophilic remover, and appropriate developer and
ready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous, wet developers form a
are classified as Type I Fluorescent, Method D—Post-
coating on the surface of the part when dried, which serves as
Emulsifiable, Hydrophilic. Intermixing of materials from vari-
the developing medium for fluorescent penetrants (see
ous manufacturers is not recommended.
7.1.9.1(c).
NOTE 2—Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
NOTE 5—Caution: This type of developer is intended for application
alkali metal content.
by spray only.
NOTE 3—Caution: While approved penetrant materials will not ad-
verselyaffectcommonmetallicmaterials,someplasticsorrubbersmaybe
6.4.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidal
swollen or stained by certain penetrants.
suspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These
6.2 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are designed to be in- developerswillformatransparentortranslucentcoatingonthe
soluble in water and cannot be removed with water rinsing surface of the part. Certain types of film developer may be
alone. They are designed to be selectively removed from the stripped from the part and retained for record purposes (see
surface by the use of a separate hydrophilic emulsifier. The 7.1.9.1(d).
E1210–99
7. Procedure 7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant Inspection—
Satisfactory results may be obtained on surfaces in the as-
7.1 The following general procedure applies to the fluores-
welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or for
cent penetrant examination hydrophilic post-emulsification
ceramics in the densified condition. These sensitive penetrants
method (see Fig. 1).
are generally less easily rinsed away and are therefore less
7.1.1 TemperatureLimits—Thetemperatureofthepenetrant
suitable for rougher surfaces. When only loose surface residu-
materials and the surface of the part to be processed should be
als are present, these may be removed by wiping the surface
between 40 and 120°F (4 and 49°C). Where it is not practical
with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of metals to
to comply with these temperature limitations, qualify the
procedure at the temperature of intended use as described in remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, scale,
insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be done
9.2.
FIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable Process
E1210–99
using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical remov- and electrostatic spray guns are effective means of applying
ing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining, liquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic spray
polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and vapor application can eliminate excess liquid buildup of penetrant on
blasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrant the part, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount of
entrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indications penetrantenteringhollow-coredpassageswhichmightserveas
of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with the penetrant reservoirs, causing severe bleedout problems during
effectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwise examination. Aerosol sprays are conveniently portable and
specified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists that suitable for local application.
previous cleaning, surface treatments or service usage have
NOTE 10—Caution: Not all penetrant materials are suitable for elec-
produced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of
trostatic spray applications.
the examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning and
NOTE 11—Warning: With spray applications, it is important that there
Surface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in Test be proper ventilation. This is generally accomplished through the use of a
properly designed spray booth and exhaust system.
Method E 165 for general precautions relative to surface
preparation.)
7.1.4.2 Penetrant Dwell Time—After application, allow ex-
cess penetrant to drain from the part (care should be taken to
NOTE 6—When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blasting
prevent pools of penetrant on the part), while allowing for
without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.
proper penetrant dwell time (see Table 1). The length of time
NOTE 7—Caution: Sand or shot blasting may possibly close indica-
tions and extreme care should be used with grinding and machining
the penetrant must remain on the part to allow proper penetra-
operations.
tion should be as recommended by the penetrant manufacturer.
NOTE 8—For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation by
Table 1, however, provides a guide for selection of penetrant
grinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is not
dwell times for a variety of materials, forms, and types of
recommended because of the potential for damage.
discontinuity. Unless otherwise specified the dwell time shall
7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants: not exceed the maximum recommended by the manufacturer.
7.1.3.1 Precleaning—The success of any penetrant exami-
NOTE 12—For some specific applications in structural cerami
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