ASTM D7348-21

Standard Test Methods for Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950 °C. To combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than 950 °C. These test methods establish a procedure for determining LOI values for combustion residues heated to 750 °C or 950 °C. LOI values from these test methods can be used by industries that utilize combustion residues in various processes and products.  
5.2 If the solid combustion residue is heated to estimate the combustible or unburned carbon in the sample, it has been shown that LOI and estimation of unburned carbon do not necessarily agree well with each other and that LOI should not be used as an estimate of unburned carbon in all combustion residues.4 Direct determination of unburned (combustible) carbon can be carried out using Test Method D6316.  
5.3 If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the mass fractions of major and minor elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D3682, D4326, and D6349, or the procedures for the 750 °C LOI determination described in these test methods (Method A).  
5.4 If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the mass fractions of trace elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D3683 and D6357.
Note 1: Combustion residues produced in furnace operations or other combustion systems can differ from the ash yield, as determined in Test Methods D3174 and D7582, because combustion conditions influence the chemistry and amount of ash. Combustion causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of metal sulfides into metal oxides, metal sulfates and sulfur oxides, and other chemical reactions. Likewise, the “ash...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or oxygen atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth, from the decomposition or combustion of the residue.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2021
• ICS: 27.020 - Internal combustion engines
• Technical Committee: D05 - Coal and Coke
• Drafting Committee: D05.29 - Major Elements in Ash and Trace Elements of Coal

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7348 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
1
Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass
D6316 TestMethodforDeterminationofTotal,Combustible
loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or
and Carbonate Carbon in Solid Residues from Coal and
oxygen atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss
Coke
can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth,
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor
from the decomposition or combustion of the residue.
Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Com-
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
bustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled
as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
D6357 TestMethodsforDeterminationofTraceElementsin
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Coal, Coke, and Combustion Residues from Coal Utiliza-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the tion Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Emission Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- Mass Spectrometry, and Graphite Furnace Atomic Ab-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sorption Spectro
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the D8146 Guide for Evaluating Test Method Capability and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Fitness for Use
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
2. Referenced Documents
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3. Terminology
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test
and Coke from Coal
methods, refer to Terminology D121.
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses
4. Summary of Test Method
from As-Determined to Different Bases
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
4.1 Loss on ignition (LOI) is determined by measuring the
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
loss in mass of the test specimen when heated under controlled
D3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke
conditions of temperature, time, atmosphere, specimen mass,
3
Ash by Atomic Absorption (Withdrawn 2018)
and equipment specifications. The LOI can be determined by
measuring the mass loss in a single procedure or in a two-step
procedure in which mass losses, equivalent to the moisture and
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD05onCoal
ash values of the test specimen, are determined.
and Coke and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.29 on Major
Elements in Ash and Trace Elements of Coal.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2021. Published November 2021. Originally
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7348 – 13. DOI:
5.1 LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue
10.1520/D7348-21.
2
whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service as [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950 °C.To
the ASTM website.
3
combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than
Copyright © ASTM Inter
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7348 − 13 D7348 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
1
Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or oxygen
atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth, from the
decomposition or combustion of the residue.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this The
values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses from As-Determined to Different Bases
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
3
D3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke Ash by Atomic Absorption (Withdrawn 2018)
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
D6316 Test Method for Determination of Total, Combustible and Carbonate Carbon in Solid Residues from Coal and Coke
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Combustion of
Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
D6357 Test Methods for Determination of Trace Elements in Coal, Coke, and Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization
Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,
and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectro
D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
D8146 Guide for Evaluating Test Method Capability and Fitness for Use
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and isare the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.29 on Major Elements
in Ash and Trace Elements of Coal.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013Oct. 1, 2021. Published September 2013November 2021. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20082013
as D7348 – 08E1.13. DOI: 10.1520/D7348-13.10.1520/D7348-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service as [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7348 − 21
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D121.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Loss on ignition (LOI) is determined by measuring the loss in mass of the test specimen when heated under controlled
conditions of temperature, time, atmosphere, specimen mass, and equipment specifications. The LOI can be determined by
measuring the mass loss in a single procedure or in a two-step procedure in which mass losses, equivalent to the moisture and ash
...