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ASTM D6312-98

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Ground-Water Detection Monitoring Programs

Standard Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Ground-Water Detection Monitoring Programs

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the context of ground-water monitoring at waste disposal facilities, regulations have required statistical methods as the basis for investigating potential environmental impact due to waste disposal facility operation. Owner/operators must perform a statistical analysis on a quarterly or semiannual basis. A statistical test is performed on each of many constituents (for example, 10 to 50 or more) for each of many wells (5 to 100 or more). The result is potentially hundreds, and in some cases, a thousand or more statistical comparisons performed on each monitoring event. Even if the false positive rate for a single test is small (for example, 1%), the possibility of failing at least one test on any monitoring event is virtually guaranteed. This assumes you have done the correct statistic in the first place.
1.2 This guide is intended to assist regulators and industry in developing statistically powerful gound-water monitoring programs for waste disposal facilities. The purpose of these methods is to detect a potential gound-water impact from the facility at the earliest possible time while simultaneously minimizing the probability of falsely concluding that the facility has impacted ground water when it has not.
1.3 When applied inappropriately existing regulation and guidance on statistical approaches to ground-water monitoring often suffer from a lack of statistical clarity and often implement methods that will either fail to detect contamination when it is present (a false negative result) or conclude that the facility has impacted gound water when it has not (a false positive). Historical approaches to this problem have often sacrificed one type of error to maintain control over the other. For example, some regulatory approaches err on the side of conservatism, keeping false negative rates near zero while fasle positive rates approach 100%.
1.4 The purpose of this guide is to illustrate a statistical ground-water monitoring strategy that minimizes both false negative and false positive rates without sacrificing one for the other.
1.5 This guide is applicable to statistical aspects of ground-water detection monitoring for hazardous and municipal solid waste disposal facilities.
1.6 It is of critical importance to realize that on the basis of a statistical analysis alone, it can never be concluded that a waste disposal facility has impacted ground water. A statistically significant exceedance over background levels indicates that the new measurement in a particular monitoring well for a particular constituent is inconsistent with chance expectations based on the available sample of background measurements.
1.7 Similarly, statistical methods can never overcome limitations of a groundwater monitoring network that might arise due to poor site characterization, well installation and location, sampling, or analysis.
1.8 It is noted that when justified, intra-well comparisons are generally preferable to their inter-well counterparts because they completely eliminate the spatial component of variability. Due to the absence of spatial variability, the uncertainty in measured concentrations is decreased making intra-well comparisons more sensitive to real releases (that is, false negatives) and false positive results due to spatial variability are completely eliminated.
1.9 Finally, it should be noted that the statistical methods described here are not the only valid methods for analysis of ground-water monitoring data. They are, however, currently the most useful from the perspective of balancing site-wide false positive and false negative rates at nominal levels. A more complete review of this topic and the associated literature is presented by Gibbons (1).  
1.10 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety conce...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-1998
ICS
13.030.40 - Installations and equipment for waste disposal and treatment
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6312-98(2005) - Standard Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Groundwater Detection Monitoring Programs
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7048-16 - Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM E3242-20 - Standard Guide for Determination of Representative Sediment Background Concentrations
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM D7045-17 - Standard Guide for Optimization of Groundwater Monitoring Constituents for Detection Monitoring Programs for Waste Disposal Facilities
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM D653-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998

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ASTM D6312-98 - Standard Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Ground-Water Detection Monitoring ProgramsASTM D6312-98 - Standard Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Ground-Water Detection Monitoring Programs
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ASTM D6312-98 - Standard Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Ground-Water Detection Monitoring Programs
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 6312 – 98
Standard Guide for
Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Ground-
1
Water Detection Monitoring Programs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6312; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This guide is applicable to statistical aspects of ground-
water detection monitoring for hazardous and municipal solid
1.1 This guide covers the context of ground-water monitor-
waste disposal facilities.
ing at waste disposal facilities, regulations have required
1.6 It is of critical importance to realize that on the basis of
statistical methods as the basis for investigating potential
a statistical analysis alone, it can never be concluded that a
environmental impact due to waste disposal facility operation.
waste disposal facility has impacted ground water. A statisti-
Owner/operators must perform a statistical analysis on a
cally significant exceedance over background levels indicates
quarterly or semiannual basis.Astatistical test is performed on
that the new measurement in a particular monitoring well for a
each of many constituents (for example, 10 to 50 or more) for
particular constituent is inconsistent with chance expectations
eachofmanywells(5to100ormore).Theresultispotentially
based on the available sample of background measurements.
hundreds, and in some cases, a thousand or more statistical
1.7 Similarly, statistical methods can never overcome limi-
comparisons performed on each monitoring event. Even if the
tations of a groundwater monitoring network that might arise
false positive rate for a single test is small (for example, 1%),
duetopoorsitecharacterization,wellinstallationandlocation,
the possibility of failing at least one test on any monitoring
sampling, or analysis.
event is virtually guaranteed. This assumes you have done the
1.8 It is noted that when justified, intra-well comparisons
correct statistic in the first place.
aregenerallypreferabletotheirinter-wellcounterpartsbecause
1.2 This guide is intended to assist regulators and industry
they completely eliminate the spatial component of variability.
in developing statistically powerful ground-water monitoring
Due to the absence of spatial variability, the uncertainty in
programs for waste disposal facilities. The purpose of these
measured concentrations is decreased making intra-well com-
methods is to detect a potential ground-water impact from the
parisonsmoresensitivetorealreleases(thatis,falsenegatives)
facility at the earliest possible time while simultaneously
and false positive results due to spatial variability are com-
minimizing the probability of falsely concluding that the
pletely eliminated.
facility has impacted ground water when it has not.
1.9 Finally, it should be noted that the statistical methods
1.3 When applied inappropriately existing regulation and
described here are not the only valid methods for analysis of
guidance on statistical approaches to ground-water monitoring
ground-water monitoring data. They are, however, currently
often suffer from a lack of statistical clarity and often imple-
the most useful from the perspective of balancing site-wide
mentmethodsthatwilleitherfailtodetectcontaminationwhen
falsepositiveandfalsenegativeratesatnominallevels.Amore
itispresent(afalsenegativeresult)orconcludethatthefacility
complete review of this topic and the associated literature is
has impacted ground water when it has not (a false positive).
2
presented by Gibbons (1).
Historicalapproachestothisproblemhaveoftensacrificedone
1.10 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are
type of error to maintain control over the other. For example,
toberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparentheses
some regulatory approaches err on the side of conservatism,
are for information only.
keepingfalsenegativeratesnearzerowhilefalsepositiverates
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the
approach 100%.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.4 The purpose of this guide is to illustrate a statistical
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ground-water monitoring strategy that minimizes both false
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
negative and false positive rates without sacrificing one for the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
other.
1.12 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-
tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and
Rockandisthedirectresponsibilityof
...

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ASTM D5088-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites

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5.1 An appropriately developed, executed and documented equipment decontamination practice is an integral and essential part of waste site investigations. The benefits of its use include:  
5.1.1 Minimizing the spread of contaminants within a study area and from site to site,  
5.1.2 Reducing the potential for worker exposure by means of contact with contaminated sampling equipment or hazardous materials,  
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1.1 This practice covers the decontamination of field equipment used in the sampling of soils, soil gas, sludges, surface water, and groundwater at waste sites which are to undergo both physical and chemical analyses.  
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1.3 Practices are included for the decontamination of equipment which comes into contact with the sample matrix (sample contacting equipment) and for ancillary equipment that has not contacted the portion of sample to be analyzed (non-sample contacting equipment), but which must be cleaned to avoid spreading of contamination.  
1.4 This practice is intended for use when field equipment used for sampling will be decontaminated in the field or returned from the field. Information on the construction of field decontamination facilities and non-sample contacting equipment decontamination is also provided.  
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ASTM D5879/D5879M-18(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice should be used as the initial step for evaluating a site for its potential to support an on-site septic system and to determine the best location for subsurface observations as covered in Practice D5921.  
5.2 This practice should be used by individuals involved with the evaluation of properties for the use of on-site septic systems. Such individuals may be required to be licensed, certified, or meet minimum educational requirements by the local or state regulatory authority. Generally, such individuals should be familiar with the appropriate regulatory requirements governing the design and placement of on-site septic systems for the area of the site being investigated, and at least some experience or training in geomorphology, soils, geology, and hydrology.  
5.3 This practice is one step in the design of an on-site septic system that also includes subsurface characterization, see Practice D5921, staking and protection of the soil absorption or constructed filter bed area, see Practice D5925, selection of system type, and design of the system size and configuration. Typically, the same individual will perform the surface and subsurface characterization of a site. Local regulation and practice will determine whether the same individual is responsible for all steps in the process of locating and designing an on-site septic system. Effective surface and subsurface characterization of a site for on-site septic systems, however, requires some knowledge of the following for the county or state in which the site is located: (1) on-site septic system types typically used for different soil conditions, and (2) typical soil absorption/filter bed areas required for different wastewater flow rates and areal soil wastewater loading rates.
SCOPE
1.1 Site characterization of surface conditions at a site for evaluating suitability for on-site septic systems requires both simple and complex techniques that may be accomplished by many different procedures and may be variously interpreted. These studies are frequently site specific and are influenced by geological and geographical settings, by the purpose of the site characterization, by design requirements for the project proposed, and by the background, training, and experience of the staff involved.  
1.2 This standard is a guide for using the surface site characterization for on-site septic systems method for projects that require on-site sewage disposal. It is intended to improve consistency of practice and to encourage the use of this method as part of a site characterization program. Since the subsurface conditions at a particular site are usually the result of a combination of natural, geologic, topographic, and climatic factors, and of historical modifications both natural and manmade, an adequate and internally consistent use of a method as part of the exploration program will allow evaluation of the results of these influences.  
1.3 This practice can be used at any site where on-site treatment of residential and nonhazardous commercial wastewaters using septic tanks and natural soils or constructed filter beds is required or an option under consideration. This practice may also be useful when constructed wetlands are used as an alternative wastewater treatment method.  
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1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units given in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
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ASTM D6312-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Groundwater Detection Monitoring Programs at Waste Disposal Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The principal use of this guide is in groundwater detection monitoring of hazardous and municipal solid waste disposal facilities. There is considerable variability in the way in which existing regulation and guidance are interpreted and practiced. Often, much of current practice leads to statistical decision rules that lead to excessive false positive or false negative rates, or both. The significance of this proposed guide is that it jointly minimizes false positive and false negative rates at nominal levels without sacrificing one error for another (while maintaining acceptable statistical power to detect actual impacts to groundwater quality (4)).  
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1.2 This guide is intended to assist regulators and industry in developing statistically powerful groundwater monitoring programs for waste disposal facilities. The purpose of this guide is to detect a potential groundwater impact from the facility at the earliest possible time while simultaneously minimizing the probability of falsely concluding that the facility has impacted groundwater when it has not.  
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4.8 The agitation technique, rate, liquid-to-solid ratio, and filtration conditions specified in the procedure may not be suitable for extracting all types of wastes (see Sections 7, 8, and the discussion in Appendix X1).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a procedure for the sequential leaching of a waste containing at least five percent solids to generate solutions to be used to determine the constituents leached under the specified testing conditions.  
1.2 This test method calls for the shaking of a known weight of waste with water of a specified purity and the separation of the aqueous phase for analysis. The procedure is conducted ten times in sequence on the same sample of waste and generates ten aqueous solutions.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SCOPE
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ASTM D5233-92(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Single Batch Extraction Method for Wastes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to generate an extract with a concentration of the target analyte(s) representative of the expected release under the scenario simulated, and which can be compared with concentration levels acceptable in waste disposal, treatment, or production activities.  
5.2 The extraction conditions of the test method were chosen to simulate a potential disposal scenario to which the wastes may be exposed.  
5.3 One intent of this test method is that the amount of acid in the extraction fluids reflects the acid available from the leachate of a specific landfill where municipal and industrial wastes were co-disposed.6  
5.4 One intent of this test method is to not allow the pH of the extraction fluid to be lower than that of the leachate of a specific landfill where municipal and industrial wastes were co-disposed. Therefore, the pH of the extraction fluid was chosen with the following considerations:
(1) Not to be less than 4.93 ± 0.05 for the extraction of wastes with an acid neutralization capacity of less than the acid available in the total volume of extraction fluid used in the method (Extraction Fluid No. 1).
(2) At 2.88 ± 0.05, as defined by the pH of the acid, for the extraction of wastes with an acid neutralization capacity of more than the acid available in the extraction fluid used in the method (Extraction Fluid No. 2).  
5.5 The interpretation and use of the results of this test method are limited by the assumptions of a single co-disposal scenario and by the factors affecting the composition of a landfill leachate and chemical or other differences between a selected extraction fluid and the real landfill leachate.  
5.6 This test method may be affected by biological changes in the waste, and it is not designed to isolate or measure the effect of such processes.  
5.7 This test method produces extracts that are amenable to the determination of both minor and major constituents. When minor constituents are being determined,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the extraction of samples of treated or untreated solid wastes or sludges, or solidified waste samples, to provide an indication of the leaching potential.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide an extract for measurement of the concentration of the analytes of concern. The measured values may be compared against set or chosen acceptance levels in some applications.  
1.3 If the sole application of the test method is such a pass/fail comparison and a total analysis of the waste demonstrates that individual analytes are not present in the waste, or that the chosen acceptance concentration levels could not possibly be exceeded, the test method need not be run.  
1.4 If the sole application of the test method is such a pass/fail comparison and an analysis of any one of the liquid fractions of the extract indicates that the concentration of the target analyte is so high that, even after accounting for dilution from the other fractions of the extract, it would be equal to or above an acceptance concentration level, then the waste fails the test. In such a case it may not be necessary to analyze the remaining fractions of the extract.  
1.5 This test method is intended to provide an extract suitable for the measurement of the concentration of analytes that will not volatilize under the conditions of the test method.  
1.6 Presence of volatile analytes may be established if an analysis of the extract obtained using this test method detects the target volatile analyte. If its concentration is equal to or exceeds an acceptance level for that analyte, the waste fails the test. However, extract from this test method shall not be used to determine the concentration of volatile organic analytes.  
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ASTM D5284-09(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sequential Batch Extraction of Waste with Acidic Extraction Fluid

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended as a means for obtaining sequential extracts of a waste. The extracts may be used to estimate the release of certain constituents of the waste under the laboratory conditions described in this test method.  
4.2 The pH of the extraction fluid used in this test method is to reflect the pH of acidic precipitation in the geographic region in which the waste being tested is to be disposed.
Note 1: Possible sources of information concerning the pH of precipitation in the geographic region of interest include state and federal environmental agencies, state universities, libraries, etc.  
Note 2: For sequential batch extraction of waste using a nonacidic extraction fluid, see Test Method D4793.  
4.3 An intent of this test method is for the final pH of each of the extracts to reflect the interaction of the extractant with the buffering capacity of the waste.  
4.4 This test method is not intended to provide extracts that are representative of the actual leachate produced from a waste in the field or to produce extracts to be used as the sole basis of engineering design.  
4.5 This test method has not been demonstrated to simulate actual disposal site leaching conditions.  
4.6 This test method produces extracts that are amenable to the determination of both major and minor (trace) constituents. When minor constituents are being determined, it is especially important that precautions be taken in sample storage and handling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.  
4.7 This test method has been tested to determine its applicability to certain inorganic components in the waste. This test method has not been tested for applicability to organic substances, volatile matter (see Note 5), or biologically active samples.  
4.8 The agitation technique, rate, liquid-to-solid ratio, and filtration conditions specified in the procedure may not be suitable for extracting all types of wastes (see Sections 7 and 8 and Appendix X1).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for the sequential leaching of a waste containing at least 5 % dry solids in order to generate solutions to be used to determine the constituents leached under the specified testing conditions.  
1.2 This test method calls for the shaking of a known weight of waste with acidic extraction fluid of a specified composition as well as the separation of the liquid phase for analysis. The pH of the extraction fluid is to reflect the pH of acidic precipitation in the geographic region in which the waste being tested is to be disposed. The procedure is conducted ten times in sequence on the same sample of waste, and it generates ten solutions.  
1.3 This test method is intended to describe the procedure for performing sequential batch extractions only. It does not describe all types of sampling and analytical requirements that may be associated with its application.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E889-82(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid Waste Materials Stream

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method is used to document the ability of solid waste resource recovery separators to concentrate or classify a particular component (or components) present in solid waste.  
5.2 The purity determined in this way is used to calculate the recovery achieved by a separator as another measure of its performance, according to Test Method E1108.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the composition of a materials stream in a solid waste resource recovery processing facility. The composition is determined with respect to one or more defined components. The results are used for determining the purity resulting from the operation of one or more separators, and in conjunction with Test Method E1108 used to measure the efficiency of a materials separation device.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6523-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluation and Selection of Alternative Daily Covers (ADCs) for Sanitary Landfills

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information which the regulator/permit officials, engineers, waste disposal operators, and others will find helpful to (1) understand and distinguish between the many choices available, (2) understand the performance feature considerations for living up to EPA regulations for landfill daily covers, and (3) understand the various requirements and differences for putting these covers into practice at landfills.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to assist specifiers and end users in assessing the different options available for sanitary landfill daily cover materials described as alternative (non-soil) daily covers (ADCs). Traditional daily cover consists of at least 6 in. (15 cm) of soil spread over the working faces of sanitary landfills. Alternative systems are attractive to landfill operations in order to conserve landfill disposal space, among other reasons.  
1.2 This guide assists in understanding different performance features of broad classifications of ADCs, and determining the extent and degree to which different ADCs are able to “control disease vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging, without presenting a threat to human health and the environment,” as intended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulations.  
1.3 This guide is not intended to provide cost information regarding the various ADCs. As a standard guide, it does not dictate a protocol for the practice and testing of ADCs, but rather provides valuable information, guidance, and recommendations to interested parties concerning the many options available.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—Metric units are used in 6.2.9.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2060-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—CCPs can have chemical and mineralogical compositions that are conducive to use in the chemical stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. These elements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidification is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace elements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and in reduced permeability of the stabilized waste. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent with or without addition of other materials.  
Note 1: In the United States, S/S is considered the BDAT for the disposal of some wastes that contain metals since they cannot be destroyed by other means (2).  
4.1.1 Advantages of Using CCPs—Advantages of using CCPs for waste stabilization include their availability in high volumes, and generally good product consistency from a single source. In addition, in some instances certain CCPs can partly or entirely replace other expensive stabilization materials such as Portland cement. CCPs vary depending on the combustion or emission control process and the coal or sorbents used, or both, and CCPs contain trace elements, although usually at very low concentrations. CCPs are generally an environmentally suitable materials option for waste stabilization, but the compatibility of a specific CCP must be evaluated with individual wastes or wastewater through laboratory-scale tests followed by full-scale demonstration and verification. CCPs suitable for the chemical stabilization have the ability to incorporate large amounts of free water via hydration reactions. These same hydration reactions frequently result in the formation of mineral phases that stabilize or chemically immobilize the trace elements of concern. CCPs that exhibit high pHs (>11.5) offer advantages in stabilizing trace elements t...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for selection and application of coal combustion products (CCPs) for use in the chemical stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. These elements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidification is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace elements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and in reduced permeability of the stabilized waste.  
1.1.1 Solidification is an important factor in treatment of wastes and especially wastewaters. Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) technology is often used to treat wastes containing free liquids. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent (with or without the addition of other materials. Stabilization may be achieved by using combinations of CCPs and other products such as lime, lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, cement, and others. CCPs used alone or in combination with other reagents promote stabilization of many inorganic constituents through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms include precipitation as hydrates, carbonates, silicates, sulfates, and so forth; microencapsulation of the waste particles through pozzolanic reactions; formation of metal precipitates; and formation of hydrated phases (1-4).2 Long-term performance of the stabilized waste is an issue that must be addressed in considering any S/S technology. In this guide, several tests are recommended to aid in evaluating the long-term performance of the stabilized wastes.  
1.2 The CCPs that are suited for this application include fly ash, dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material, and and fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash.  
1.3 The wastes or wastewater, or both, containing the inorganic species may be highly variable, so the chemical characterist...

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