ASTM C311-00

Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland-Cement Concrete

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use as a mineral admixture in portland-cement concrete.
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:  SectionsSampling 7 CHEMICAL ANALYSISReagents and apparatus 10Moisture content 11 and 12Loss on ignition 13 and 14Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide 15Available alkali 16 and 17 PHYSICAL TESTSDensity 18Fineness 19Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 20 to 22Soundness 23Air-entrainment of mortar 24 and 25Strength activity index with portland cement 26 to 29Water requirement 30Effectiveness of Mineral Admixture in Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions 31
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Jul-2000
• Technical Committee: C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
• Drafting Committee: C09.24 - Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM C311-00e1 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland-Cement Concrete
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E2243-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Re-contouring and Highwall Reclamation
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E2278-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E3183-19 - Standard Guide for Harvesting Coal Combustion Products Stored in Active and Inactive Storage Areas for Beneficial Use
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E2060-22 - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E2277-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2000

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 311 – 00
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use
as a Mineral Admixture in Portland-Cement Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 311; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube
testing fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use as a
Specimens)
mineral admixture in portland-cement concrete.
C 114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:
Cement
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
Sections
C 151 Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Portland
Sampling 7
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Cement
Reagents and apparatus 10
C 157 Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hy-
Moisture content 11 and 12
draulic Cement Mortar and Concrete
Loss on ignition 13 and 14
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide,
C 185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodium oxide and potas-
Mortar
sium oxide 15
C 188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
Available alkali 16 and 17
PHYSICAL TESTS
C 204 Test Method for Fineness of Portland Cement by Air
Density 18
Permeability Apparatus
Fineness 19
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 20 to 22 C 226 Specification for Air-Entraining Additions for Use in
Soundness 23
the Manufacture of Air-Entraining Portland Cement
Air-entrainment of mortar 24 and 25
C 227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
Strength activity index with portland cement 26 to 29
Water requirement 30 Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
Effectiveness of Mineral Admixture in Controlling Alkali-Silica
C 305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
Reactions 31
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
C 430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
the 45-μm (No. 325) Sieve
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
C 441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Mineral Admixtures
information purposes only.
or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Concrete
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
that provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
C 778 Specification for Standard Sand
notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as
C 1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-
requirements of this standard.
Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
C 1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
2. Referenced Documents
D 4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.24on Ground Slag and Pozzolonic Admixtures. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
Current edition approved July 10, 2000. Published September 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
published as C 311 – 53. Last previous edition C 311 – 98b. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C311
3. Terminology of 2500 m /kg as determined in accordance with Test Method
C 204.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 composite sample—a sample that is constructed by
NOTE 2—The calcium hydroxide should be protected from exposure to
combining equal portions of grab or regular samples. carbon dioxide. Material remaining in an opened container after a test
should not be used for subsequent tests.
3.1.2 established source—a source for which at least six
months of continuous production quality assurance records
5.3 Portland Cement— The portland cement used in the
from a test frequency required for a new source are available,
Strength Activity Index with Portland Cement test shall comply
sampled at the source.
with the requirements of Specification C 150 and have a
3.1.3 grab sample—a sample that is taken in a single
minimum compressive strength of 35 MPa (5000 psi) at 28
operation from a conveyor delivering to bulk storage, from
days and total alkalies (Na O + 0.658 K O) not less than
2 2
bags, or from a bulk shipment. Such a sample may, or may not,
0.50 % nor more than 0.80 %.
reflect the composition or physical properties of a single lot of
5.3.1 The use of a locally available portland cement in the
mineral admixture. This type of sample can be used to
Strength Activity Index or a project cement that does not meet
characterize small amounts of mineral admixture.
the requirements of the section on Materials is permitted when
3.1.4 jobsite or new source—a source for which less than
the variations from the requirements of the section on Materials
six months of production records are available, sampled at the
are reported and when the use of such portland cement is
source.
requested.
3.1.5 lot—specific quantity of fly ash or natural pozzolan
6. Sample Type and Size
offered for inspection at any one time. A lot may be one storage
bin or the contents of one or more transport units representing
6.1 Grab samples and regular samples shall have a mass of
mineral admixture drawn from the same storage bin.
at least 2 kg (4 lb).
3.1.6 regular sample—a sample that is constructed by
6.2 Grab samples or regular samples taken at prescribed
combining equal portions of grab samples that were taken at
intervals over a period of time (see Table 1), may be combined
predetermined times or locations from any single lot of mineral
to form a composite sample representative of the mineral
admixture.
admixture produced during that period of time.
6.3 Composite samples shall have a mass of at least 4 kg (8
4. Significance and Use
lb).
4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for com-
6.4 The sampling shall be done by, or under the direction of,
parison with the requirements of Specification C 618. These
a responsible representative of the purchaser.
test methods are based on standardized testing in the laboratory
7. Sampling Procedure
and are not intended to simulate job conditions.
4.1.1 Strength Activity Index—The test for strength activity
7.1 The mineral admixture may be sampled by any one of
index is used to determine whether a mineral admixture results
the following methods:
in an acceptable level of strength development when used with
7.1.1 From Bulk Storage at Point of Discharge or from Rail
hydraulic cement in concrete. Since the test is performed with
Cars and Road Tankers. A sample may be taken by siphon tube
mortar, the results may not provide a direct correlation of how
during loading or by sampling tube from each loaded car or
the mineral admixture will contribute to strength in concrete.
tanker. If the load is sampled at the point of discharge into the
4.1.2 Chemical Tests— The chemical component determi-
rail car or tanker, the top surface shall be removed to a depth
nations and the limits placed on each do not predict the
of at least 200 mm (8 in.) before sampling. The sample shall be
performance of a mineral admixture with hydraulic cement in
identified with at least the date and shipment number.
concrete, but collectively help describe composition and uni-
7.1.2 From Bags in Storage. The regular sample shall
formity of the mineral admixture.
comprise increments of equal size taken by sampling tube from
three bags selected at random from one lot of bagged material.
5. Materials
The sample shall be identified with date and lot number.
5.1 Graded Standard Sand—The sand used for making test
7.1.3 From Conveyor Delivering to Bulk Storage. Take one
specimens for the activity index with lime or portland cement
sample of 2 kg (4 lb) or more of the material passing over the
shall be natural silica sand conforming to the requirements for
A
graded standard sand in Specification C 778.
TABLE 1 Minimum Sampling and Testing Frequency
Jobsite or New Established
NOTE 1—Segregation of Graded Sand—The graded standard sand
Test Sample Type
B B
Source Source
should be handled in such a manner as to prevent segregation, since
Moisture content Regular Daily or each Daily or each
variations in the grading of the sand cause variations in the consistency of
c C
Loss on ignition (90 Mg 360 Mg
the mortar. In emptying bins or sacks, care should be exercised to prevent
Fineness (100 Tons) (400 Tons)
the formation of mounds of sand or craters in the sand, down the slopes
Density and the other Composite Monthly or each Monthly or each
of which the coarser particles will roll. Bins should be of sufficient size to C C
tests in Specification 1 800 Mg (2 000 2 900 Mg
permit these precautions. Devices for drawing the sand from bins by
C 618, Tables 1 and 2 Tons) (3 200 Tons)
gravity should not be used.
A
It should be noted that the minimum test frequency given in Table 1 is not
necessarily the frequency needed for quality control programs on some mineral
5.2 Hydrated Lime— The hydrated lime used in the tests
admixtures.
shall be reagent-grade calcium hydroxide, 95 % minimum B
For definitions, refer to the Terminology section.
C
calculated as Ca(OH) (Note 2), and have a minimum fineness Whichever comes first.
C311
conveyor. This may be secured by taking the entire test sample material remaining from the determination of moisture content
in a single operation, known as the grab sample method, or by shall be ignited to constant mass in an uncovered porcelain, not
combining several equal portions taken at regular intervals, platinum, crucible at 750 6 50°C (1382 6 190°F).
known as the regular sample method. Automatic samplers may
14. Calculation
be used to obtain samples.
14.1 Calculate the percentage of loss on ignition to the
7.2 Samples shall be treated as described in Section 8.
nearest 0.1, as follows:
NOTE 3—Some methods of loading or delivery of mineral admixtures,
Loss on ignition, %5 A/B!3100 (2)
particularly from an airstream or conveyor belt, may create stratification ~
or segregation in the material stream. Sampling techniques must be
where:
designed to ensure that the sample is representative of the mineral
A = loss in mass between 105 and 750°C (221 and 1382°F),
admixture shipped.
B = mass of moisture-free sample used.
8. Preparation and Storage of Samples
SILICON DIOXIDE, ALUMINUM OXIDE, IRON OXIDE,
8.1 Prepare composite samples for the tests required in
CALCIUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, SULFUR
Section 9, by arranging all grab or regular samples into groups
TRIOXIDE, SODIUM OXIDE AND POTASSIUM OXIDE
covering the period or quantity to be represented by the
sample. Take equal portions from each, sufficient to produce a
15. Procedure
composite sample large enough for the tests required. Mix the
15.1 Determine the percentages of these oxides as required
composite sample thoroughly.
in accordance with the applicable sections of Test Methods
8.2 Samples shall be stored in clean, airtight containers
C 114 for materials having an insoluble residue greater than
identified with the source and lot or period of time represented.
1 % (Note 4). Analysts performing sodium oxide and potas-
Untested portions of the sample shall be retained for at least
sium oxide determinations shall observe the precautions out-
one month after all test results have been reported.
lined in the applicable section of C 1157 (refer to the section on
Test Methods). Most pozzolans dissolve completely in lithium
9. Testing Frequency
borate fluxes.
9.1 General—When required, the purchaser shall specify
the amount of testing for available alkalies, reactivity with NOTE 4—Rapid and instrumental methods may be employed similar to
those in Test Methods C 114 and D 4326.
cement alkalies, drying shrinkage, and air-entrainment. Make
all other tests on regular or composite samples chosen as
AVAILABLE ALKALI
specified in Table 1.
16. Procedure
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
16.1 Weigh 5.0 g of the sample and 2.0 g of hydrated lime
10. General on a piece of weighing paper, carefully mix using a metal
spatula, and transfer to a small plastic vial of approximately
10.1 All apparatus, reagents and techniques shall comply
25-mL capacity. Add 10.0 mL of water to this mixture, seal the
with the requirements of Test Methods C 114.
vial by securing the cap or lid to the vial with tape (Note 5),
10.2 Purity of Water— Unless otherwise indicated, refer-
blend by shaking until the mixture is uniform, and store at
ences to water shall be understood to mean distilled water or
38 6 2°C.
water of equal purity.
NOTE 5—To ensure that moisture loss from the paste does not occur,
MOISTURE CONTENT
place the sealed vial in a sealable container (such as a small sample or
mason jar), add sufficient water to cover the bottom of the container, and
11. Procedure
seal.
11.1 Dry a weighed sample, as received, to constant weight
16.2 Open the vial at the age of 28 days and transfer the
in an oven at 105 to 110°C (221 to 230°F).
contents to a 250-mL casserole. Break up and grind the cake
with a pestle, adding a small amount of water, if necessary, so
12. Calculation
that a uniform slurry containing no lumps is obtained (Note 6).
12.1 Calculate the percentage of moisture to the nearest
Add sufficient water to make the total volume 200 mL. Let
0.1 %, as follows:
stand1hat room temperature with frequent stirring. Filter
Moisture content, %5~A/B!3100 (1)
through a medium-textured filter paper onto a 500-mL volu-
metric flask. Wash thoroughly with hot water (eight to ten
where:
times).
A = mass loss during drying, and
B = mass as received. NOTE 6—At times it may be necessary to break the vial an
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