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ASTM D4056-01(2006)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Knowledge of the water content is important in lubrication, as large amounts of water can cause corrosion fatigue in steel bearings, and the complete absence of water can cause metal scuffing.
High water content has an accelerating effect on oxidation of lubricants, and can also contribute to foaming, especially at high altitude or temperature, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon and aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277 and 373 K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to moderate polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or 30000 ppm by weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro compounds, and alcohols.
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not containing widely different chemical species. This excludes blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying additives.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2006
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.L0.07 - Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids (Formally D02.1100)
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4056-01 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
Effective Date
01-Jul-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D4056-01(2010) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
Effective Date
01-May-2010

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ASTM D4056-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester LubricantsASTM D4056-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
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ASTM D4056-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D4056–01 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and
1
Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2502 Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Mo-
lecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measure-
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the
ments
equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon
D3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution
andaliphaticesterlubricants,attemperaturesbetween277and
and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
373K.Thetestmethodislimitedtoliquidsoflowtomoderate
n-d-M Method
polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not
over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or 30 000 ppm by
3. Terminology
weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro com-
3.1.1 charge transfer parameter—the portion of the solu-
pounds, and alcohols.
bility parameter not attributed to London or Keesom forces.
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not
3.1.1.1 Discussion—It includes hydrogen bonds, induced
containing widely different chemical species. This excludes
dipoles, and other quasichemical forces.
blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing
3.1.1.2 Discussion—The square of the solubility parameter
detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying
equals the sum of the squares of the three partial parameters.
additives.
3.1.2 dispersion parameter—the portion of the solubility
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
parameter attributed to London forces.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.3 polar parameter—the portion of the solubility param-
only.
eter attributed to Keesom (permanent dipole) forces.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 solubility parameter—the square root of the cohesive
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
energy density (heat of vaporization minus work of vaporiza-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tion, per unit volume of liquid), at 298 K.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 Symbols:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
C = percentage of aromatic carbons,
A
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C = percentage of naphthenic carbons,
N
D94 Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum
d = density of lubricant at 298 K, g/mL,
Products
G = solubility by weight, mg/kg (ppm),
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
M = molecular weight of lubricant, g/mol,
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
n = refractive index of lubricant at 298 K,
D
RH = relative humidity,%,
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
S = saponification number, mg of KOH/g of lubricant,
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
T = system temperature, K,
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
V = molar volume of lubricant, mL/mol,
x = mole fraction of water in equilibrium mixture,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
y = Lorentz-Lorenz refractivity function,
0.5
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
d = dispersion parameter, (MPa) ,
d
D02.11 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids. 0.5
P = polar parameter, (MPa) ,
Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originally
0.5
H = charge transfer parameter, (MPa) ,
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4056–01. DOI:
w = volume fraction of lubricant in equilibrium mixture,
10.1520/D4056-01R06.
1
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4056–01 (2006)
6.5 Calculate the volume fraction of water at 298 K and
w = volume fraction of water in equilibrium mixture.
2
saturation as follows:
4. Summary of Test Method 2 2
f 5exp[0.00726 f ~~18.002d ! 12.39 ~15.55
2 1 d
2 2
4.1 Data required are the density, refractive index, and
2 P! 12.39 ~16.27 2 H! ! 1 ~1 218/V!f # (8)
1
molecula
...

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5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    9 pages
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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off