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ASTM E114-10

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice employs the use of normal-incident, or straight beam, longitudinal wave ultrasound for the detection and evaluation of discontinuities in materials requiring volumetric examination.
Although not all requirements of this practice can be applied universally to all inspection situations and materials, it does provide the basis for establishing contractual criteria between suppliers and purchasers of materials for performing contact longitudinal wave pulse-echo examination and may be used as a guide for writing detailed procedures for particular applications.
Types of information that may be obtained from the pulsed-echo straight-beam practice are as follows:
Apparent discontinuity size (see Note 1) by comparison of the signal amplitudes from the test piece to the amplitudes obtained from a reference standard.
Depth location of discontinuities by calibrating the horizontal scale of the A-scan display.
Material properties as indicated by the relative sound attenuation or velocity changes of compared items.
The extent of bond and unbond (or fusion and lack of fusion) between two ultrasonic conducting materials if geometry and materials permit.
Note 1—The term “apparent” is emphasized since true size depends on orientation, composition, and geometry of the discontinuity and equipment limitations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers ultrasonic examination of materials by the pulse-echo method using straight-beam longitudinal waves introduced by direct contact of the search unit with the material being examined.
1.2 This practice shall be applicable to development of an examination procedure agreed upon by the users of the document.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jun-2010
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E114-95(2005) - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Examination by the Contact Method
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM B594-19e1 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-Alloy Wrought Products
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E587-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM F914/F914M-20 - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission for Aerial Personnel Devices Without Supplemental Load Handling Attachments
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1106-12(2021) - Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM B350/B350M-11(2021) - Standard Specification for Zirconium and Zirconium Alloy Ingots for Nuclear Application
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM G158-98(2021) - Standard Guide for Three Methods of Assessing Buried Steel Tanks
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM F1430/F1430M-20 - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling Attachments
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM B898-20 - Standard Specification for Reactive and Refractory Metal Clad Plate
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E3166-20e1 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Metal Additively Manufactured Aerospace Parts After Build
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2981-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Composite Overwraps in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM A646/A646M-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM B351/B351M-13(2023) - Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Zirconium and Zirconium Alloy Bars, Rod, and Wire for Nuclear Application
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM A660/A660M-21 - Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E114 − 10
StandardPractice for
1
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
2
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.1 This practice covers ultrasonic examination of materi-
als by the pulse-echo method using straight-beam longitudinal
2.3 Other Documents:
waves introduced by direct contact of the search unit with the
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
5
material being examined.
Test Personnel
1.2 This practice shall be applicable to development of an
3. Terminology
examination procedure agreed upon by the users of the
document.
3.1 Refer to Terminology E1316 for definitions of terms
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
used in this practice.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
4. Basis of Application
and are not considered standard.
4.1 Purchaser-Supplier Agreements: The following items
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
require agreement between the using parties for this practice to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
be used effectively:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4.1.1 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agencies—
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Agreement is required as to whether the nondestructive testing
agency, as defined in Specification E543 must be formally
2. Referenced Documents
evaluated and qualified to perform the examination. If such
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
evaluation and qualification is specified, a documented proce-
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of
dure such as Specification E543 shall be used as the basis for
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
evaluation.
without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
4.1.2 Personnel Qualification—Nondestructive testing
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
(NDT) personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a
Testing
nationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
standardsuchasANSI/ASNTCP-189,SNT-TC-1A,NAS-410,
4
2.2 ASNT Standards:
or a similar document. The practice or standard used and its
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
applicable revision shall be specified in the contractual agree-
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ment between the using parties.
4.1.3 Extent of Examination—The extent of the examination
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
shall be determined by agreement of the using parties.
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
Ultrasonic Method.
4.1.4 Time of Examination—The time of examination shall
Current edition approved June 15, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally
be determined by agreement of the using parties.
approvedin1955.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2005asE114 - 95(2005).DOI:
10.1520/E0114-10. 4.1.5 Interpretation Criteria—The criteria by which the
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice
ultrasonic signals and part acceptability will be evaluated and
SE-114 in Section II of that Code.
shall be determined by agreement of the using parties.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
4 5
AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org. WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E114 − 10
5. Significance and Use search unit and examination material must be maintained such
that the contact area is held constant while maintaining
5.1 This practice employs t
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E114–95 (Reapproved 2005) Designation:E114–10
Standard Practice for
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Examination by the
Contact MethodUltrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam
1
Contact Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This practice covers ultrasonic examination of materials by the pulse-echo method using straight-beam longitudinal waves
introduced by direct contact of the search unit with the material being examined.
1.2 This practice shall be applicable to development of an examination procedure agreed upon by the users of the document.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems without
the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
4
2.2 ASNT Standards:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.3 Other Documents:
5
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel
3. Terminology
3.1 Refer to Terminology E1316 for definitions of terms used in this practice.
4. Basis of Application
4.1 Purchaser-Supplier Agreements:
The following items require agreement between the using parties for this practice to be used effectively:
4.1.1 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agencies—Agreement is required as to whether the nondestructive testing agency,
as defined in PracticeSpecification E543 must be formally evaluated and qualified to perform the examination. If such evaluation
and qualification is specified, a documented procedure such as PracticeSpecification E543 shall be used as the basis for evaluation.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on NondestructiveTesting and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published February 2006. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E114-95 (2001). DOI:
10.1520/E0114-95R05.
Current edition approved June 15, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E114 - 95 (2005). DOI:
10.1520/E0114-10.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice SE-114 in Section II of that Code.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
5
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1250 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.
5
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E114–10
4.1.2 Personnel Qualification—Nondestructive testing (NDT) personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally
recognized NDT personnel qualificatio
...

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ASTM E1316-23b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing. These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leak testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radiology and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technical methods.  
1.2 Committee E07 recognizes that the terms examination, testing, and inspection are commonly used as synonyms in nondestructive testing. For uniformity and consistency in E07 nondestructive testing standards, Committee E07 encourages the use of the terms examination or inspection and their derivatives when describing the application of nondestructive test methods. In a specific standard, either examination or inspection shall be used consistently throughout the document. Similarly, E07 encourages the use of the term test and its derivatives when referring to the body of knowledge of a nondestructive testing method. There are, however, appropriate exceptions when the term test and its derivatives may be used to describe the application of a nondestructive test, such as measurements which produce a numeric result (for example, when using the leak testing method to perform a leak test on a component, or an ultrasonic measurement of velocity). Additionally, the term test should be used when referring to the NDT method, that is, Radiologic Testing (RT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and so forth. (Example: Radiologic Testing (RT) is often used to examine material to detect internal discontinuities.)
Note 1: The following sentences clarify this policy and illustrate its use:
(a) Nondestructive testing methods are used extensively for the examination or inspection of materials and components.
(b) The E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing has prepared many documents to promote uniform usage of the nondestructive testing methods that are applied to examine or inspect materials and components.  
(c) Radiologic Testing (RT) is often used to inspect material to detect internal discontinuities.
(d) Magnetic Particle Testing (MT), Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT), and Visual Testing (VT) are often used to examine the surface of a component.
(e) The Bubble Leak Testing (BLT) method is sometimes used to leak test a pressure containing component to detect leaks.
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1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple NDT methods, whereas the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific NDT methods.  
1.4 As shown on the chart below, when a nondestructive examination or inspection produces an indication, the indication is subject to interpretation as false, nonrelevant, or relevant. If it has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent evaluation will result in the decision to accept or reject the material. With the exception of accept and reject, which retain the meaning found in most dictionaries, all the words used in the chart are defined in Section A.    
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2446-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1815-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.  
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at  D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at  D = 2.0.  
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be constructed.  
4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systems and developer chemistry will be the users of this test method. The result is a classification table as shown by the example given in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data for user information. Users of industrial radiographic film systems may also perform the tests and measurements outlined in this test method, provided that the required test equipment is used and the methodology is followed strictly. (A) Family of films ranging in speed and image quality.  
4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiography film systems will enable specifying bodies and contracting parties to agree to particular system classes, which are capable of providing known image qualities. See 8.2.  
4.5 ISO 11699–1 and European standard EN 584-1 describe the same m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.  
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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