ASTM C16-03(2012)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: C16 − 03 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope this test method.The test method is normally run at sufficiently
high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result
tance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when
is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the
subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified
applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular
temperature for a specified time.
to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Since the test provides easily measurable changes in
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
method has been long used to determine refractory quality.The
and are not considered standard.
test method has often been used in the establishment of written
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specifications between producers and consumers.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory mate-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
are provided to protect the specimens.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Apparatus
2. Referenced Documents
2 4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance withFig.
C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens
1 or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
by Casting
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
ture is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
Comparison Techniques
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during
Direct-LoadTypeFurnace(OilorGasFired,orElectrically
the holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above
Fired); Lever-Load Type Furnace
2370°F (1300°C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary to
install and adjust baffles within the furnace.Aminimum of two
3. Significance and Use
burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following
3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed
the low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly for
loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-
silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to
temperature service potential of the material. By definition,
supply heat for low temperatures and another for the higher
refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature;
temperatures.
and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when
4.2 The temperature shall be measured either with
subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is
5,6,7
calibrated platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples,
clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to
each encased in a protection tube with the junction not more
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of C08.01 on Strength.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are
approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C16 – 03 (2008). DOI: available from ASTM International. Request ADJC0016.
10.1520/C0016-03R12. Test Method E220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
2 6
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The National Institutes of Standards andTechnology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on couples.
the ASTM website. All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2,
ADJC0016. Original adjunct produced in 1969. 1969, pp. 35–44.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C16 − 03 (2012)
SI Equivalents
in. mm
18 460
24 610
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace
than 1 in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each 5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four
5,6,7
specimen or with a calibrated pyrometer.Arecording form observations being made on each dimension (length, width,
of temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrom- and thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in.
eter is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the face
(0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the
of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those
cross section calculated.
specified for the thermocouples.
6. Setting the Test Specimen
5. Test Specimen
6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9
the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides
1 1
by 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straight
with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 and
refractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from larger
Fig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory
refractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing plane
material,neutraltothespecimen,havingaminimumexpansion
surfaces.
or contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between the
specimen and the refractory blocks a thin layer of highly
5.2 Ifnecessary,theendsofthespecimenshallbegroundso
that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis. refractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chrome
C16 − 03 (2012)
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.
FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test Furnace
ore, that has been ground to pass a No. 20 (850-µm) ASTM 7.2 Heating—The rate of heating shall be in accordance
sieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At the with the requirements prescribed in Table 1. The temperature
top of the test specimen a block of similar highly refractory
shall not vary more than 620°F (11°C) from the specified
materialshouldbeplaced,extendingthroughthefurnacetopto
temperature.
receive the load.
7.3 Furnace Atmosphere—Above a temperature of 1470°F
NOTE 1—R
...
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