ASTM C16-03(2008)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The ability of a refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.
This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: C16 − 03(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Section 2 was corrected editorially in August 2009.
1. Scope change when subjected to significant loading at elevated
temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally
tance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when
run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to
subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified
formwithinthetestbrickortocauseweakeningofthebonding
temperature for a specified time.
system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable
and are not considered standard.
changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and the test method has been long used to determine refractory
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the quality. The test method has often been used in the establish-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ment of written specifications between producers and consum-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- ers.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory mate-
rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means
2. Referenced Documents
are provided to protect the specimens.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens
4. Apparatus
by Casting
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance withFig.
Comparison Techniques
1 or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-
Direct-LoadTypeFurnace(OilorGasFired,orElectrically
ture is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
Fired); Lever-Load Type Furnace
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test
specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during
3. Significance and Use
the holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above
3.1 The ability of a refractory shapes to withstand pre-
2370°F (1300°C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary to
scribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the
install and adjust baffles within the furnace.Aminimum of two
high-temperature service potential of the material. By
burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following
definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high
the low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly for
temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape
silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to
supply heat for low temperatures and another for the higher
temperatures.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of C08.01Strengthon Strength.
4.2 The temperature shall be measured either with
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
5,6,7
ϵ1
calibrated platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples,
approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C16 – 03 . DOI:
10.1520/C0016-03R08E01.
each
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. available from ASTM International. Request ADJC0016.
ADJC0016. Original adjunct produced in 1969 . Test Method E220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C16 − 03(Reapproved 2008)
The National Institutes of Standards andTechnology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-
couples.
´1
C16 − 03 (2008)
SI Equivalents
in. mm
18 460
24 610
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace
encased in a protection tube with the junction not more than 1 5.2 Ifnecessary,theendsofthespecimenshallbegroundso
in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.
5,6,7
specimen or with a calibrated pyrometer.Arecording form
5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four
of temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrom-
observations being made on each dimension (length, width,
eter is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the face
and thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in.
of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those
(0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the
specified for the thermocouples.
cross section calculated.
5. Test Specimen
6. Setting the Test Specimen
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9
1 1
6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in
by 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straight
the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides
refractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from larger
with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 and
refractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing plane
Fig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory
surfaces.
material,neutraltothespecimen,havingaminimumexpansion
or contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between the
All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical
specimen and the refractory blocks a thin layer of highly
Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2,
1969, pp. 35–44. refractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chrome
´1
C16 − 03 (2008)
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.
FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test Furnace
ore, that has been ground to pass a No. 20 (850-µm) ASTM 7.2 Heating—The rate of heating shall be in accordance
sieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At the
with the requirements prescribed in Table 1. The temperature
top of the test specimen a block of similar highly refractory
shall not vary more than 620°F (11°C) from the specified
materialshouldbeplaced,extendingthroughthefurnacetopto
temperature.
r
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:C 16–02 Designation: C 16 – 03 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationC16;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Section 2 was corrected editorially in August 2009.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to
a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: ASTM Standards:
C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens by Casting
E 220 Method for Calibration ofThermocouples by ComparisonTechniquesTest Method for Calibration ofThermocouples By
Comparison Techniques
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Direct-Load Type Furnace (Oil or Gas Fired, or Electrically Fired); Lever-Load Type Furnace
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Theabilityofarefractoryshapestowithstandprescribedloadsatelevatedtemperaturesisameasureofthehigh-temperature
service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to
withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated
when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow
some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample
dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally,
shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and
the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of
written specifications between producers and consumers.
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are
provided to protect the specimens.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommiteee C08.01on Strength.
Current edition approved Nov 10, 2002. Published June 2003. Originally published in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C 16–01.on Refractories and is
the direct responsibility of C08.01 Strengthon Strength.
e1
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 16 – 03 .
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are available from ASTM International. Request ADJC0016.
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. . Original adjunct produced in 1969 .
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
C 16 – 03 (2008)
4. Apparatus
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig. 1
or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the temperature is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during the
holdingperiodofthetestor,ontesttofailure,above2370°F(1300°C).Toaccomplishthis,itmaybenecessarytoinstallandadjust
baffles within the furnace.Aminimum of two burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following the low-temperature
portion of the schedule (particularly for silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to supply heat for low
temperatures and another for the higher temperatures.
5,6,7
4.2 Thetemperatureshallbemeasuredeitherwithcalibrated, platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples, each encased in a protection tube with
5,6, 7
the junction not more than 1 in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each specimen or with a calibrated pyrometer.Arecording form of temperature indicator
Method E220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are available from ASTM International. Request ADJC0016.
The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermocouples.
Test Method E 220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2, 1969, pp.
35–44.
The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermocouples.
SI Equivalents
in. mm
18 460
24 610
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace
´1
C 16 – 03 (2008)
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.
FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test Furnace
is recommended. If the optical pyrometer is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the face of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those specified
for the thermocouples.
5. Test Specimen
1 1
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9 by 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straight
refractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from larger refractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing plane surfaces.
5.2 If necessary, the ends of the specimen shall be ground so that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.
5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four observations being made on each dimension (length, width, and
thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in. (0.5 mm).The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the cross section
calculated.
6. Setting the Test Specimen
6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides
with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory material,
neutral to the specimen, having a minimum expansion or contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between the specimen and
the refractory blocks a thin layer of highly refractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chrome ore, that has been ground
to pass a No. 20 (850-µm) ASTM sieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At the top of the test specimen a block
of similar highly refracto
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C 16 – 03 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationC16;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Section 2 was corrected editorially in August 2009.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to
a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens by Casting
E 220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Direct-Load Type Furnace (Oil or Gas Fired, or Electrically Fired); Lever-Load Type Furnace
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Theabilityofarefractoryshapestowithstandprescribedloadsatelevatedtemperaturesisameasureofthehigh-temperature
service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to
withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated
when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow
some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample
dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally,
shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and
the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of
written specifications between producers and consumers.
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are
provided to protect the specimens.
4. Apparatus
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig. 1
or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the temperature is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during the
holdingperiodofthetestor,ontesttofailure,above2370°F(1300°C).Toaccomplishthis,itmaybenecessarytoinstallandadjust
baffles within the furnace.Aminimum of two burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following the low-temperature
portion of the schedule (particularly for silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to supply heat for low
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of C08.01 Strengthon Strength.
e1
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 16 – 03 .
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are available from ASTM International. Request ADJC0016.
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. . Original adjunct produced in 1969 .
Test Method E220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are available from ASTM International. Request ADJC0016.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
C 16 – 03 (2008)
SI Equivalents
in. mm
18 460
24 610
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace
temperatures and another for the higher temperatures.
5,6,7
4.2 Thetemperatureshallbemeasuredeitherwithcalibrated, platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples, each encased in a protection tube with
, ,
5 6 7
the junction not more than 1 in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each specimen or with a calibrated pyrometer.Arecording form of temperature indicator
is recommended. If the optical pyrometer is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the face of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those specified
for the thermocouples.
5. Test Specimen
1 1
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9 by 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straight
refractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from larger refractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing plane surfaces.
5.2 If necessary, the ends of the specimen shall be ground so that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.
The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermocouples.
Test Method E 220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2, 1969, pp.
35–44.
The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermocouples.
All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2, 1969, pp.
35–44.
´1
C 16 – 03 (2008)
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.
FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test Furnace
5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four observations being made on each dimension (length, width, and
thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in. (0.5 mm).The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the cross section
calculated.
6. Setting the Test Specimen
6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides
with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory material,
neutral to the specimen, having a minimum expansion or contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between the specimen and
the refractory blocks a thin layer of highly refractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chrome ore, that has been ground
to pass a No. 20 (850-µ
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.