ASTM E688-94(2011)

Standard Test Methods for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for Glass Manufacturing (Withdrawn 2019)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods provide a means for determining whether waste glass is suitable for use as a raw material for glass manufacturing.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods give the various tests for assessing the compliance of glass recovered from wastes for use as a raw material for glass manufacturing.
1.2 The test methods combine visual examinations with both chemical and physical tests. A flow chart of the testing sequence is included in this test method (see ).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see , , Section , and .
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These test methods gave the various tests for assessing the compliance of glass recovered from wastes for use as a raw material for glass manufacturing.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D34 on Waste Management, these test methods were withdrawn in November 2019. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2011
• Withdrawal Date: 03-Nov-2019
• ICS: 81.040.10 - Raw materials and raw glass
• Technical Committee: D34 - Waste Management
• Drafting Committee: D34.03 - Treatment, Recovery and Reuse

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E688-94(2006) - Standard Test Methods for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for Glass Manufacturing
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D5359-98(2021) - Standard Specification for Glass Cullet Recovered from Waste for Use in Manufacture of Glass Fiber
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E708-79(2017) - Standard Specification for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for the Manufacture of Glass Containers
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E688 −94 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Methods for
Waste Glass as a Raw Material for Glass Manufacturing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Withdrawn
1979)
1.1 These test methods give the various tests for assessing
D4129Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in Water
thecomplianceofglassrecoveredfromwastesforuseasaraw
by High Temperature Oxidation and by Coulometric
material for glass manufacturing.
Detection
1.2 The test methods combine visual examinations with
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
both chemical and physical tests. A flow chart of the testing
Sieves
sequence is included in this test method (see Fig. 1).
E105Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Lot or Process
standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for
3. Significance and Use
information only.
3.1 These test methods provide a means for determining
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
whether waste glass is suitable for use as a raw material for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
glass manufacturing.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Apparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard
statements, see 5.3, 5.5, Section 6, 11.1.1 and 12.3.2.
4.1 The following various items of equipment required may
be purchased from most laboratory supply houses:
2. Referenced Documents
4.1.1 Aspirator.
2 4.1.2 Balance.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1.3 Burner, Fisher (Meker) type.
C169Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime
4.1.4 Crucible, porcelain or other ceramic.
and Borosilicate Glass
4.1.5 Crucible, platinum.
C566TestMethodforTotalEvaporableMoistureContentof
4.1.6 Flask, filtering, with side tube, 2000-ml.
Aggregate by Drying
4.1.7 Funnel, Büchner, approximately 171 mm in diameter.
C702PracticeforReducingSamplesofAggregatetoTesting
4.1.8 Funnel, approximately 150 mm in diameter, filtering.
Size
4.1.9 Furnace, 540°C or 1000°F.
C729Test Method for Density of Glass by the Sink-Float
4.1.10 Clamps, tubing, screw compressor.
Comparator
4.1.11 Magnet, C-shaped, Alnico.
D1068Test Methods for Iron in Water
4.1.12 Magnifier, 5×, 10×.
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
4.1.13 Oven, 110°C or 230°F.
D2576Method ofTest for Metals inWater andWasteWater
4.1.14 Scales, triple-beam.
4.1.15 Sieves, U.S. Standard Series—50mm(2in.),6.3mm
( ⁄4in.),1.18mm(No.16),850µm(No.20),425µm(No.40),
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on
250 µm (No. 60), 106 µm (No. 140), conforming to Specifi-
Waste Management and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on
cation E11.
Treatment, Recovery and Reuse.
4.1.16 Sink-Float Standard, sp gr 2.65.
Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E688–94 (2006).
4.1.17 Triangle, platinum.
DOI: 10.1520/E0688-94R11.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E688−94 (2011)
FIG. 1 Simplified Testing Flow Chart
4.1.18 Tubing, vinyl. 5.2 Purity of Water—Unlessotherwiseindicated,references
4.1.19 Other ancillary laboratory equipment. to water shall be understood to mean reagent water,Type II, as
defined in Specification D1193.
5. Reagents and Materials
5.3 Warning—Acetone (see 15.5)—This substance is highly
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
flammable (Class B) and must not be used in the vicinity of
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
open flames or other ignition sources. Vapors should not be
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
inhaled, since they can cause skin and membrane irritation.
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,
5.4 Ethyl Alcohol, denatured.
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
5.5 Hydrochloric Acid (3 N and 6 N) (see
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
12.3.2/15.11)—Prepare 3 N acid by diluting 1 part of concen-
accuracy of the determination.
tratedhydrochloricacid(HCl,spgr1.19)with3partsofwater.
Prepare 6 N acid by diluting 1 part of concentrated HCl with 1
part of water. (Warning —These materials are corrosive and
Tygon plastic tubing, available from Norton Co., Plastics and Synthetics Div.,
Dept TR2, 12 East Ave., Tallmadge, OH 44278, or equivalent, has been found injurioustotheskinaswellasirritatingtotheeyesandmucous
suitable for this purpose.
membranes.)
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
5.6 Potassium Hydroxide, Saturated Solution—Add 100 g
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
of potassium hydroxide (KOH) slowly, while stirring, to 100
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
ml water. Store this solution in a polyethylene bottle. This
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD. solution is corrosive and injurious to the skin.
E688−94 (2011)
5.7 Sodium Carbonate (Na CO ). funnel is full. When the hand over the opening is removed,
2 3
glassmeetingtherequirementswillflowoutofthefunnel.One
5.8 sym-Tetrabromoethane (Acetylene Tetrabromide) (sp gr
ortwolighttapsonthefunnelmaybeusedtobeginoraidflow.
2.964)—This substance has a threshold limit value (8 h
If the glass fails to flow out of the specified funnel and both
time-weighted average exposure) of 1 ppm and a short time
producers and users agree, a second funnel test (Method B)
exposurelimit(15min)of1.25ppm.Itmustbeusedinahood
maybeperformed;thistestwillmeasuretheflowpropertiesof
or under conditions of ensured ventilation.
a somewhat more sticky glass.
6. Hazards
8.4 Method B—Use the same procedure as in Method A
except that the dimensions of the second funnel shall be: stem
6.1 The analyst should be aware of good laboratory prac-
internal diameter, 38 mm; stem length, 48 mm; top diameter,
tices. Adequate ventilation is necessary, particularly for han-
170 mm.
dling sym-tetrabromoethane and the density liquids used in
15.7.1 – 15.10.1. The flammability of acetone must be consid-
9. Moisture Content
ered when it is used in 15.5.
9.1 Procedure—Dry five 454-g (1-lb) test samples (see 7.2)
6.2 Due to the origins of glass samples in municipal wastes
to constant weight in accordance with Test Method C566.
destined for disposal, common sense dictates that some pre-
Drying time may be in the order of2hat110°C (230°F).
cautions should be observed when conducting tests on the
Recordthedryweightofatleastonesampleforusein9.2.Use
samples. Recommended hygienic practices include using
the remaining dry samples for testing according to Sections 10
gloves when handling waste glass and washing hands before
–14.
eating or smoking.
9.2 Calculation—Calculatethemoisturecontentasfollows:
7. Sampling
~originalweight 2dryweight! 3100
Moisture,% 5 (1)
7.1 Gross Sample—Take a grab sample weighing 36 kg (80 originalweight
lb) in such a manner that it will be representative of the lot as
10. Particle Size
described in Practices E105 and E122.
10.1 Procedure—Screen a sample from 9.1 on a 50-mm
7.2 Test Sample Preparation—Reduce the gross sample to
(2-in.)sieve.Weighthematerialremainingonthesieve.Screen
two samples, each weighing 18 kg (40 lb) by a method as
thematerialpassingthesieveona106-µm(No.140)sieve.An
described in Practice C702. Use one sample for testing for
intervening sieve, such as a 212 µm (No. 70) may be used
inorganic material. Reduce the other sample by coning and
merely to reduce the amount presented to the test sieve.Weigh
quartering to produce at least seven samples, each weighing
material passing through the 106-µm sieve. Shake all sieves
454 g (1 lb), to be used for the remaining tests described in
mechanically for 10 min or by hand to achieve equivalent
Sections8–14.
results. Other intervening screen sizes may be utilized.
7.3 Sample Preservation—Store the gross sample and sub-
10.2 Calculations—Calculate the percent of plus 50-mm
sequent samples in such a manner as to prevent not only the
and minus 106-µm material as follows:
lossofcontaminantsbuttopreventfurthercontamination,until
the necessary tests can be performed. It is recommended that Plus50 2mmmaterial, % 5 ~A/W! 3100 (2)
samples be stored in sealed plastic bags (75 µm or 3 mil) or
Minus106 2µm material,% 5 ~B/W! 3100 (3)
other airtight containers in order to avoid gain or loss of
where:
moisture.
A = weight of material on 50-mm sieve,
8. Flow Test
B = weight of material through 106-µm sieve, and
W = dry weight of sample.
8.1 Thistestisusedtoensurethatthesampleofglassshows
no drainage, is noncaking, and free flowing.
11. Total Organics (Paper, Plastic, and Other
Combustibles)
8.2 If the sample is 90% larger than will pass through a
1.18-mm (No. 16) sieve, the requirements will be met if the
11.1 Indirect Method:
sample shows no drainage of water.
11.1.1 Procedure—Using a sample from 9.1, place the
8.3 Method A—If the sample contains in excess of 10% sample in an uncovered ceramic crucible(s) and heat to 540°C
(1000°F). Maintain this temperature for ⁄2 h or until all flame
througha1.18-mm(No.16)sieve,screenasamplethroughthe
1.18-mm sieve, 454 g (1 lb) of this material must flow out of and smoke have ceased. (Warning—Overheating can cause
the glass particles to fuse together.Allow the sample to cool to
the funnel as follows: Fit a powder funnel having a uniform
room temperature, weigh, and calculate the percent total
internal stem diameter of 18 mm, a stem length of 30 mm, and
atopof80mm,inarack,andcloseoffthebottombythepalm organics. Reserve the sample or use an alternative dry sample
for subsequent tests.)
ofahand.Pourthesampletobetestedintothefunneluntilthe
11.1.2 Calculation—Calculate the percent total organics as
follows:
More detailed testing procedures and the effect of compaction are discussed by
weightafterignition 3100
Carson, J. W., in International Journal of Powder Metallurgy and Powder
Totalorganics,% 5100 2 (4)
Technology, vol. 11, 1975, pp. 233–239. dryweightofsample
E688−94 (2011)
11.2 Direct Method for Organic Carbon—Organic carbon 13. Off-Color Glass
can only be inferred from the method in 11.1. Organic carbon
13.1 This test is used to test for off-color glass in color-
can be determined directly by the method in this section.
sorted glass used by the container industry. Glass samples that
11.2.1 Procedure—Organic carbon can be determined di-
are plus 1.18-mm (No. 16 sieve) particle size can be tested by
rectly by an instrumental method such as coulometrics. Test
visual means. Glass samples that are minus 1.18-mm particle
Method D4129 uses this instrumentation for total and organic
size cannot be tested by visual means but must be chemically
carboninwater.Theinstrumentcanbereadilyadaptedtosolid
analyzed.
materials such as waste glass.
13.2 Coarse Material—Plus 1.18-mm.
13.2.1 Procedure—Spread the dry sample from 9.1 on a
12. Magnetic Material (Iron Contamination)
clean, dry surface that is illuminated to at least 2150 lx (200
12.1 The method of testing for iron contamination will
fc).Visuallypickouttheoff-colorglassparticles.Theoff-color
depend on the particle size of the sample.
particles should be segregated into amber, green (emerald
greenandGeorgiagreenshouldbesegregatedwhenexamining
12.2 Determination of Iron Contamination in Coarse Glass
aflintglassbecauseemeraldgreenhasachromiumcontentten
(Larger Than 6 mm in Size):
times that of Georgia green), flint, and other glass fractions.
12.2.1 Procedure—Using the sample from 9.1 or from a
Georgia green can be visually distinguished from emerald
replicate dry sample, spread a portion of the sample over a
green,sinceGeorgiagreenislighterincolor.Otherglasscolors
clean, dry surface in such a manner as not to have any piles
are those other than the colors listed. Save the fractions.
overthreeparticlesdeep.CoverthepolesofaC-shapedAlnico
13.2.2 Calculation—Calculatethepercentoff-colorglassas
magnet or its equivalent with a piece of paper or plastic film.
follows:
Draw the magnet slowly through the glass particles so as to
collect any magnetic material present. Transfer the magnetic weightofoff 2colorglass 3100
Off 2colorglass,% 5 (7)
material to an appropriate container by removing the cover dryweightofsample
from the magnet, while holding it over the container. Continue
13.3 Examples—The following examples are used to dem-
this process until all of the sample has been exposed to the
onstrate the method of calculating the off-color fraction:
magnet. Screen at 6.3 mm ( ⁄4 in.); then combine the magnetic
13.3.1 Example 1:
material from all portions of the sample, weigh, and calculate
Given: A flint glass analytical sample with a dry weight of
the percent magnetic material. Reserve all portions of the
447.8 g.
sample, or from a replicate sample for subsequent tests.
Off-Color Fractions:
12.2.2 Calculation—Calculate the percent magnetic mate-
Amber 513.4g
rial as follows:
Georgiagreen 521.9g
weightoftrampiron 3100 Emeraldgreen 52.2g
Magneticmaterial,% 5 (5)
dryweightofsample Other 52.2g
Then:
12.3 Determination of Iron Contamination in Fine Glass
13.4 3100
(Smaller than 6 mm Size):
Amber, % 5 53.0
447.8
12.3.1 Weigh 100 g from the sample from 11.1 or from a
replicate. 21.9 3100
Georgiagreen,% 5 54.9
12.3.2 Add 250 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 447.8
slowly heat to a vigorous boil. Stir while boiling. (Warning—
2.2 3100
Emeraldgreen,% 5 50.5
Rapid heating may cause “bumping.
...