ASTM E688-94(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for Glass Manufacturing
Standard Test Methods for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for Glass Manufacturing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods provide a means for determining whether waste glass is suitable for use as a raw material for glass manufacturing.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods give the various tests for assessing the compliance of glass recovered from wastes for use as a raw material for glass manufacturing.
1.2 The test methods combine visual examinations with both chemical and physical tests. A flow chart of the testing sequence is included in this test method (see ).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see , , Section , and .
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E688 – 94 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Methods for
Waste Glass as a Raw Material for Glass Manufacturing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4129 Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in Water
by High Temperature Oxidation and by Coulometric De-
1.1 These test methods give the various tests for assessing
tection
thecomplianceofglassrecoveredfromwastesforuseasaraw
E11 SpecificationforWovenWireTestSieveClothandTest
material for glass manufacturing.
Sieves
1.2 The test methods combine visual examinations with
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
both chemical and physical tests. A flow chart of the testing
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
sequence is included in this test method (see Fig. 1).
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
of a Lot or Process
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
3. Significance and Use
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 These test methods provide a means for determining
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
whether waste glass is suitable for use as a raw material for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
glass manufacturing.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard state-
4. Apparatus
ments, see 5.3, 5.5, Section 6, 11.1.1 and 12.3.2.
4.1 The following various items of equipment required may
be purchased from most laboratory supply houses:
2. Referenced Documents
4.1.1 Aspirator.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1.2 Balance.
C169 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime
4.1.3 Burner, Fisher (Meker) type.
and Borosilicate Glass
4.1.4 Crucible, porcelain or other ceramic.
C566 Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content
4.1.5 Crucible, platinum.
of Aggregate by Drying
4.1.6 Flask, filtering, with side tube, 2000-ml.
C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Test-
4.1.7 Funnel, Büchner, approximately 171 mm in diameter.
ing Size
4.1.8 Funnel, approximately 150 mm in diameter, filtering.
C729 Test Method for Density of Glass by the Sink-Float
4.1.9 Furnace, 540°C or 1000°F.
Comparator
4.1.10 Clamps, tubing, screw compressor.
D1068 Test Methods for Iron in Water
4.1.11 Magnet, C-shaped, Alnico.
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
4.1.12 Magnifier,53,103.
D2576 MethodofTestforMetalsinWaterandWasteWater
3 4.1.13 Oven, 110°C or 230°F.
by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
4.1.14 Scales, triple-beam.
4.1.15 Sieves, U.S. Standard Series—50mm(2in.),6.3mm
( ⁄4in.),1.18mm(No.16),850µm(No.20),425µm(No.40),
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on
Waste Management and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on
250 µm (No. 60), 106 µm (No. 140), conforming to Specifi-
Treatment, Recovery and Reuse.
cation E11.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published February 2006. Originally
4.1.16 Sink-Float Standard, sp gr 2.65.
approvedin1979.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin1999asE688–94(1999)DOI:
10.1520/E0688-94R06. 4.1.17 Triangle, platinum.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.1.18 Tubing, vinyl.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Tygon plastic tubing, available from Norton Co., Plastics and Synthetics Div.,
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced Dept TR2, 12 East Ave., Tallmadge, OH 44278, or equivalent, has been found
on www.astm.org. suitable for this purpose.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E688 – 94 (2006)
FIG. 1 Simplified Testing Flow Chart
4.1.19 Other ancillary laboratory equipment. 5.3 Warning—Acetone (see 15.5)—This substance is highly
flammable (Class B) and must not be used in the vicinity of
5. Reagents and Materials
open flames or other ignition sources. Vapors should not be
inhaled, since they can cause skin and membrane irritation.
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
5.4 Ethyl Alcohol, denatured.
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
5.5 Hydrochloric Acid (3 N and 6 N) (see 12.3.2/15.11)—
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society, Prepare 3 N acid by diluting 1 part of concentrated hydrochlo-
ric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) with 3 parts of water. Prepare 6 N
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of acidbydiluting1partofconcentratedHClwith1partofwater.
(Warning—These materials are corrosive and injurious to the
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
accuracy of the determination. skin as well as irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes.)
5.2 Purity of Water— Unless otherwise indicated, refer- 5.6 Potassium Hydroxide, Saturated Solution—Add 100 g
encestowatershallbeunderstoodtomeanreagentwater,Type
of potassium hydroxide (KOH) slowly, while stirring, to 100
II, as defined in Specification D1193.
ml water. Store this solution in a polyethylene bottle. This
solution is corrosive and injurious to the skin.
5.7 Sodium Carbonate (Na CO ).
2 3
5.8 sym-Tetrabromoethane (Acetylene Tetrabromide) (sp gr
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
2.964)—This substance has a threshold limit value (8 h
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
time-weighted average exposure) of 1 ppm and a short time
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
exposurelimit(15min)of1.25ppm.Itmustbeusedinahood
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD. or under conditions of ensured ventilation.
E688 – 94 (2006)
6. Hazards 8.4 Method B—Use the same procedure as in Method A
except that the dimensions of the second funnel shall be: stem
6.1 The analyst should be aware of good laboratory prac-
internal diameter, 38 mm; stem length, 48 mm; top diameter,
tices. Adequate ventilation is necessary, particularly for han-
170 mm.
dling sym-tetrabromoethane and the density liquids used in
15.7.1-15.10.1. The flammability of acetone must be consid-
9. Moisture Content
ered when it is used in 15.5.
6.2 Due to the origins of glass samples in municipal wastes
9.1 Procedure—Dry five 454-g (1-lb) test samples (see 7.2)
destined for disposal, common sense dictates that some pre-
to constant weight in accordance with Test Method C566.
cautions should be observed when conducting tests on the
Drying time may be in the order of2hat110°C (230°F).
samples. Recommended hygienic practices include using
Recordthedryweightofatleastonesampleforusein9.2.Use
gloves when handling waste glass and washing hands before
the remaining dry samples for testing according to Sections
eating or smoking.
10-14.
9.2 Calculation— Calculate the moisture content as fol-
7. Sampling
lows:
7.1 Gross Sample—Takeagrabsampleweighing36kg(80
~originalweight 2 dryweight! 3100
lb) in such a manner that it will be representative of the lot as Moisture,% 5 (1)
originalweight
described in Practices E105 and E122.
7.2 Test Sample Preparation—Reduce the gross sample to
10. Particle Size
two samples, each weighing 18 kg (40 lb) by a method as
10.1 Procedure—Screen a sample from 9.1 on a 50-mm
described in Practice C702. Use one sample for testing for
(2-in.)sieve.Weighthematerialremainingonthesieve.Screen
inorganic material. Reduce the other sample by coning and
thematerialpassingthesieveona106-µm(No.140)sieve.An
quartering to produce at least seven samples, each weighing
intervening sieve, such as a 212 µm (No. 70) may be used
454 g (1 lb), to be used for the remaining tests described in
merely to reduce the amount presented to the test sieve.Weigh
Sections 8-14.
material passing through the 106-µm sieve. Shake all sieves
7.3 Sample Preservation—Store the gross sample and sub-
mechanically for 10 min or by hand to achieve equivalent
sequent samples in such a manner as to prevent not only the
results. Other intervening screen sizes may be utilized.
lossofcontaminantsbuttopreventfurthercontamination,until
the necessary tests can be performed. It is recommended that 10.2 Calculations— Calculate the percent of plus 50-mm
samples be stored in sealed plastic bags (75 µm or 3 mil) or and minus 106-µm material as follows:
other airtight containers in order to avoid gain or loss of
Plus502mmmaterial, % 5 A/W! 3100 (2)
~
moisture.
Minus1062µmmaterial,% 5 ~B/W! 3100 (3)
8. Flow Test
where:
8.1 Thistestisusedtoensurethatthesampleofglassshows
A = weight of material on 50-mm sieve,
no drainage, is noncaking, and free flowing.
B = weight of material through 106-µm sieve, and
8.2 If the sample is 90% larger than will pass through a
W = dry weight of sample.
1.18-mm (No. 16) sieve, the requirements will be met if the
sample shows no drainage of water.
11. Total Organics (Paper, Plastic, and Other
8.3 Method A—If the sample contains in excess of 10%
Combustibles)
througha1.18-mm(No.16)sieve,screenasamplethroughthe
11.1 Indirect Method:
1.18-mm sieve, 454 g (1 lb) of this material must flow out of
the funnel as follows: Fit a powder funnel having a uniform 11.1.1 Procedure—Using a sample from 9.1, place the
internal stem diameter of 18 mm, a stem length of 30 mm, and
sample in an uncovered ceramic crucible(s) and heat to 540°C
atopof80mm,inarack,andcloseoffthebottombythepalm (1000°F). Maintain this temperature for ⁄2 h or until all flame
ofahand.Pourthesampletobetestedintothefunneluntilthe
and smoke have ceased. (Warning—Overheating can cause
funnel is full. When the hand over the opening is removed,
the glass particles to fuse together.Allow the sample to cool to
glassmeetingtherequirementswillflowoutofthefunnel.One
room temperature, weigh, and calculate the percent total
ortwolighttapsonthefunnelmaybeusedtobeginoraidflow.
organics. Reserve the sample or use an alternative dry sample
If the glass fails to flow out of the specified funnel and both
for subsequent tests.)
producers and users agree, a second funnel test (Method B)
11.1.2 Calculation— Calculate the percent total organics as
maybeperformed;thistestwillmeasuretheflowpropertiesof
follows:
a somewhat more sticky glass.
weightafterignition 3100
Totalorganics,% 5100 2 (4)
dryweightofsample
11.2 Direct Method for Organic Carbon—Organic carbon
More detailed testing procedures and the effect of compaction are discussed by
can only be inferred from the method in 11.1. Organic carbon
Carson, J. W., in International Journal of Powder Metallurgy and Powder
Technology, vol. 11, 1975, pp. 233–239. can be determined directly by the method in this section.
E688 – 94 (2006)
11.2.1 Procedure—Organic carbon can be determined di- visual means. Glass samples that are minus 1.18-mm particle
rectly by an instrumental method such as coulometrics. Test size cannot be tested by visual means but must be chemically
Method D4129 uses this instrumentation for total and organic
analyzed.
carboninwater.Theinstrumentcanbereadilyadaptedtosolid
13.2 Coarse Material— Plus 1.18-mm.
materials such as waste glass.
13.2.1 Procedure—Spread the dry sample from 9.1 on a
clean, dry surface that is illuminated to at least 2150 lx (200
12. Magnetic Material (Iron Contamination)
fc).Visuallypickouttheoff-colorglassparticles.Theoff-color
12.1 The method of testing for iron contamination will
particles should be segregated into amber, green (emerald
depend on the particle size of the sample.
greenandGeorgiagreenshouldbesegregatedwhenexamining
12.2 Determination of Iron Contamination in Coarse Glass
aflintglassbecauseemeraldgreenhasachromiumcontentten
(Larger Than 6 mm in Size):
times that of Georgia green), flint, and other glass fractions.
12.2.1 Procedure—Using the sample from 9.1 or from a
Georgia green can be visually distinguished from emerald
replicate dry sample, spread a portion of the sample over a
green,sinceGeorgiagreenislighterincolor.Otherglasscolors
clean, dry surface in such a manner as not to have any piles
are those other than the colors listed. Save the fractions.
overthreeparticlesdeep.CoverthepolesofaC-shapedAlnico
13.2.2 Calculation— Calculate the percent off-color glass
magnet or its equivalent with a piece of paper or plastic film.
as follows:
Draw the magnet slowly through the glass particles so as to
collect any magnetic material present. Transfer the magnetic weightofoff2colorglass 3100
Off2colorglass,% 5 (7)
material to an appropriate container by removing the cover dryweightofsample
from the magnet, while holding it over the container. Continue
13.3 Examples—The following examples are used to dem-
this process until all of the sample has been exposed to the
onstrate the method of calculating the off-color fraction:
magnet. Screen at 6.3 mm ( ⁄4 in.); then combine the magnetic
13.3.1 Example 1:
material from all portions of the sample, weigh, and calculate
the percent magnetic material. Reserve all portions of the
Given: A flint glass analytical sample with a dry weight of
sample, or from a replicate sample for subsequent tests.
447.8 g.
12.2.2 Calculation— Calculate the percent magnetic mate-
Off-Color Fractions:
rial as follows:
Amber 513.4g
weightoftrampiron 3100
Magneticmaterial,% 5 (5)
dryweightofsample
Georgiagreen 521.9g
12.3 Determination of Iron Contamination in Fine Glass
Emeraldgreen 52.2g
(Smaller than 6 mm Size):
Other 52.2g
12.3.1 Weigh 100 g from the sample from 11.1 or from a
replicate.
Then:
12.3.2 Add 250 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) and
13.4 3100
Amber,% 5 53.0
slowly heat to a vigorous boil. Stir while boiling. (Warning—
447.8
Rapid heating may cause “bumping.”)
12.3.3 Cool the sample and filter through a medium filter
21.9 3100
Georgiagreen,% 5 54.9
paper. Catch the filtrate in a 500-ml volumetric flask and wash
447.8
the insolvable sample at least five times with warm distilled
water. Wash water should not exceed 500 ml. Allow the flask
2.2 3100
Emeraldgreen,% 5 50.5
and its
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