ASTM D653-97(2000)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: D 653 – 97 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 653; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
These definitions were prepared jointly by the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Society for Testing and Materials.
INTRODUCTION
A number of the definitions include symbols and indicate the units of measurement. The symbols
appear in italics immediately after the name of the term, followed by the unit in parentheses. No
significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are
given for an individual term. The applicable units are indicated by capital letters, as follows:
F—Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton
L—Length, such as inch, foot, centimetre
T—Time, such as second, minute
D—Dimensionless
Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in
the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”
Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to
leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for
example:
−2
FL —may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.
−1
LT —may be expressed in feet per minute, centimetres per second, etc.
Where synonymous terms are cross-referenced, the definition is usually included with the earlier
term alphabetically. Where this is not the case, the later term is the more significant.
Definitions marked with (ISRM) are taken directly from the publication in Ref 42 and are included
for the convenience of the user.
For a list of ISRM symbols relating to soil and rock mechanics, refer to Appendix X1.
A list of references used in the preparation of these definitions appears at the end.
AASHTO compaction—see compaction test. erties, is suitable for grinding, cutting, polishing, scouring,
88A” Horizon—see horizon. or similar use.
abandonment—see decommissioning. D 5299 abrasiveness—the property of a material to remove matter
abrasion—a rubbing and wearing away. (ISRM) when scratching and grinding another material. (ISRM)
abrasion—the mechanical wearing, grinding, scraping or rub- absorbed water—water held mechanically in a soil or rock
bing away (or down) of rock surfaces by friction or impact, mass and having physical properties not substantially differ-
or both. ent from ordinary water at the same temperature and
abrasive—any rock, mineral, or other substance that, owing to pressure.
its superior hardness, toughness, consistency, or other prop- absorption—the assimilation of fluids into interstices.
absorption loss—that part of transmitted energy (mechanical)
lost due to dissipation or conversion into other forms (heat,
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion and
etc.).
Sediment Control Technology.
accelerator—a material that increases the rate at which
Current edition approved August 10, 1997. Published October 1997. Originally
chemical reactions would otherwise occur.
published as D 653 – 42 T. Last previous edition D 653 – 96.
This extensive list of definitions represents the joint efforts of Subcommittee activator—a material that causes a catalyst to begin its
D18.93 on Terminology for Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids of ASTM Committee
function.
D-18 on Soil and Rock, and the Committee on Definitions and Standards of the
active earth pressure—see earth pressure.
Geotechnical Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
active state of plastic equilibrium—see plastic equilibrium.
These two groups function together as the Joint ASCE/ASTM Committee on
Nomenclature in Soil and Rock Mechanics. This list incorporates some terms from
additive—any material other than the basic components of a
ASTM Definitions D 1707, Terms Relating to Soil Dynamics, which were discon-
grout system.
tinued in 1967.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 653
adhesion—shearing resistance between soil and another ma- ported in suspension by flowing water and subsequently
terial under zero externally applied pressure. deposited by sedimentation.
Symbol Unit amplification factor—ratio of dynamic to static displacement.
−2
Unit Adhesion c FL
a
amorphous peat—see sapric peat.
−1
Total Adhesion C ForFL
a
angle of external friction (angle of wall friction), d
adhesion—shearing resistance between two unlike materials
(degrees)—angle between the abscissa and the tangent of the
under zero externally applied pressure.
curve representing the relationship of shearing resistance to
admixture—a material other than water, aggregates, or cemen-
normal stress acting between soil and surface of another
titious material, used as a grout ingredient for cement-based
material.
grouts.
angle of friction (angle of friction between solid bodies), f
adsorbed water—water in a soil or rock mass attracted to the
s (degrees)—angle whose tangent is the ratio between the
particle surfaces by physiochemical forces, having proper-
maximum value of shear stress that resists slippage between
ties that may differ from those of pore water at the same
two solid bodies at rest with respect to each other, and the
temperature and pressure due to altered molecular ar-
normal stress across the contact surfaces.
rangement; adsorbed water does not include water that is
angle of internal friction (angle of shear resistance), f
chemically combined within the clay minerals.
(degrees)—angle between the axis of normal stress and the
adsorption—the attachment of water molecules or ions to the
tangent to the Mohr envelope at a point representing a given
surfaces of soil particles.
failure-stress condition for solid material.
advancing slope grouting—a method of grouting by which
angle of obliquity, a, b, f, C (degrees)—the angle between
the front of a mass of grout is caused to move horizontally
the direction of the resultant stress or force acting on a given
by use of a suitable grout injection sequence.
plane and the normal to that plane.
aeolian deposits—wind-deposited material such as dune sands
angle of repose, a (degrees)—angle between the horizontal
and loess deposits.
and the maximum slope that a soil assumes through natural
aggregate—as a grouting material, relatively inert granular
processes. For dry granular soils the effect of the height of
mineral material, such as sand, gravel, slag, crushed stone,
slope is negligible; for cohesive soils the effect of height of
etc. “Fine aggregate” is material that will pass a No. 4
slope is so great that the angle of repose is meaningless.
(6.4-mm) screen,
angle of shear resistance—see angle of internal friction.
“Coarse aggregate” is material that will not pass a No. 4
angle of wall friction—see angle of external friction.
(6.4-mm) screen. Aggregate is mixed with a cementing agent
angular aggregate—aggregate, the particles of which possess
(such as Portland cement and water) to form a grout
well-defined edges formed at the intersection of roughly
material.
planar faces.
agitator tank—a tank, usually vertical and with open top, with
anisotropic mass—a mass having different properties in dif-
rotation paddles used to prevent segregation of grout after
ferent directions at any given point.
mixing.
anisotropy—having different properties in different directions.
air entry value—the applied suction at which water menisci of
(ISRM)
the porous segment of a suction sampler break down, and air
annual space; annulus—the space between two concentric
enters. D 4696
tubes or casings, or between the casing and the borehole
air-space ratio,G (D)—ratio of: (1) volume of water that can
a
wall. This would include the space(s) between multiple
be drained from a saturated soil or rock under the action of
strings of tubing/casings in a borehole installed either
force of gravity, to (2) total volume of voids.
concentrically or multi-cased adjacent to each other.
air-void ratio, G (D)—the ratio of: (1) the volume of air
v
D 5092
space, to (2) the total volume of voids in a soil or rock mass.
apparent cohesion—see cohesion.
alkali aggregate reaction—a chemical reaction between
aquiclude—a relatively impervious formation capable of ab-
Na O and K O in the cement and certain silicate minerals in
2 2
sorbing water slowly but will not transmit it fast enough to
the cement and certain silicate minerals in the aggregate,
furnish an appreciable supply for a well or spring.
which causes expansion resulting in weakening and cracking
aquifer—a geologic formation, group of formations, of part of
of Portland cement grout. See reactive aggregate.
a formation that is saturated and is capable of providing a
allowable bearing value (allowable soil pressure), q,p
a a
−2
significant quantity of water. D 5092
(FL )—the maximum pressure that can be permitted on
aquifer, confined—an aquifer bounded above and below by
foundation soil, giving consideration to all pertinent factors,
confining beds and in which the static head is above the top
with adequate safety against rupture of the soil mass or
of the aquifer. D 4050, D 4104, D 4105, D 4106, D 5269
movement of the foundation of such magnitude that the
aquifer, unconfined—an aquifer that has a water table.
structure is impaired.
D 4043, D 4105, D 4106
allowable pile bearing load, Q ,P (F)—the maximum load
a a
aquitard—a confining bed that retards but does not prevent the
that can be permitted on a pile with adequate safety against
movement of such magnitude that the structure is endan- flow of water to or from an adjacent aquifer; a leaky
confining bed.
gered.
alluvium—soil, the constituents of which have been trans- arching—the transfer of stress from a yielding part of a soil or
D 653
rock mass to adjoining less-yielding or restrained parts of the tough, matted, and fibrous.
mass. attenuation—reduction of amplitude with time or distance.
area grouting—grouting a shallow zone in a particular area 88B” horizon—see horizon.
utilizing holes arranged in a pattern or grid. average interstitial velocity—see velocity, average intersti-
tial.
DISCUSSION—This type of grouting is sometimes referred to as
backpack grouting—the filling with grout of the annular
blanket or consolidation grouting.
space between a permanent tunnel lining and the surround-
area of influence of a well, a (L )—area surrounding a well
ing formation.
within which the piezometric surface has been lowered when
DISCUSSION—Same as crown grouting and backfill grouting.
pumping has produced the maximum steady rate of flow.
area ratio of a sampling spoon, sampler, or sampling tube, back-packing—any material (usually granular) that is used to
fill the empty space between the lagging and the rock
A (D)—the area ratio is an indication of the volume of soil
r
displaced by the sampling spoon (tube), calculated as fol- surface. (ISRM)
baffle—a pier, weir, sill, fence, wall, or mound built on the bed
lows:
of a stream to parry, deflect, check, or regulate the flow or to
2 2 2
A 5 @~D 2 D /D # 3 100 (1)
r e i i
float on the surface to dampen the wave action.
bailer—a hollow tubular receptacle used to facilitate with-
where:
drawal of fluid from a well or borehole. D 5092
D = maximum external diameter of the sampling
e
spoon, and ballast—materials used to provide stability to a buoyant object
D = minimum internal diameter of the sampling spoon (such as casing within a borehole filled with water).
i
at the cutting edge.
D 5092
armor—the artificial surfacing of bed, banks, shore, or em- barometric efficiency—the ratio of the change in depth to
bankment to resist erosion or scour. water in a well to the inverse of water-level change in
armor stone—(generally one ton to three tons in weight) stone barometric pressure, expressed in length of water. D 4043
resulting from blasting, cutting, or by other methods to base—in grouting, main component in a grout system.
obtain rock heavy enough to require handling two individual base course (base)—a layer of specified or selected material of
pieces by mechanical means.
planned thickness constructed on the subgrade or subbase for
ash content—the percentage by dry weight of material remain- the purpose of serving one or more functions such as
ing after an oven dry organic soil or peat is burned by a
distributing load, providing drainage, minimizing frost ac-
prescribed method. tion, etc.
assessment monitoring—an investigative monitoring pro-
base exchange—the physicochemical process whereby one
gram that is initiated after the presence of a contaminant in species of ions adsorbed on soil particles is replaced by
ground water has been detected. The objective of this another species.
program is to determine the concentration of constituents batch—in grouting, quantity of grout mixed at one time.
that have contaminated the ground water and to quantify the batch method—in grouting, a quantity of grout materials are
rate and extent of migration of these constituents. D 5092 mixed or catalyzed at one time prior to injection.
ASTM cement types—Portland cements meeting the require- batch mixer—in grouting, a machine that mixes batches of
ments of Specifications C 150. Cement types have slightly grout, in contrast to a continuous mixer.
different formulations that result in various characteristics bearing capacity—see ultimate bearing capacity.
which address different construction conditions and different bearing capacity (of a pile), Q ,P (F)—the load per pile
p p
physical and chemical environments. They are as follows: required to produce a condition of failure.
Type I (Portland)—a general-purpose construction cement bedding—applies to rocks resulting from consolidation of
with no special properties. D 5092 sediments and exhibiting surfaces of separation (bedding
Type II (Portland)—a construction cement that is moder- planes) between layers of the same or different materials,
ately resistant to sulfates and generates a lower head of that is, shale, siltstone, sandstone, limestone, etc. (ISRM)
hydration at a slower rate than Type I D 5092 bedding—collective term signifying the existence of layers of
Type III (Portland
...
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