ASTM D653-97
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
General Information
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Designation: D 653 – 97
Standard Terminology Relating to
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Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 653; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
These definitions were prepared jointly by the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Society for Testing and Materials.
INTRODUCTION
A number of the definitions include symbols and indicate the units of measurement. The symbols
appear in italics immediately after the name of the term, followed by the unit in parentheses. No
significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are
given for an individual term. The applicable units are indicated by capital letters, as follows:
F—Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton
L—Length, such as inch, foot, centimetre
T—Time, such as second, minute
D—Dimensionless
Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in
the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”
Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to
leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for
example:
−2
FL —may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.
−1
LT —may be expressed in feet per minute, centimetres per second, etc.
Where synonymous terms are cross-referenced, the definition is usually included with the earlier
term alphabetically. Where this is not the case, the later term is the more significant.
Definitions marked with (ISRM) are taken directly from the publication in Ref 42 and are included
for the convenience of the user.
For a list of ISRM symbols relating to soil and rock mechanics, refer to Appendix X1.
A list of references used in the preparation of these definitions appears at the end.
AASHTO compaction—see compaction test. erties, is suitable for grinding, cutting, polishing, scouring,
88A” Horizon—see horizon. or similar use.
abandonment—see decommissioning. D 5299 abrasiveness—the property of a material to remove matter
abrasion—a rubbing and wearing away. (ISRM) when scratching and grinding another material. (ISRM)
abrasion—the mechanical wearing, grinding, scraping or rub- absorbed water—water held mechanically in a soil or rock
bing away (or down) of rock surfaces by friction or impact, mass and having physical properties not substantially differ-
or both. ent from ordinary water at the same temperature and
abrasive—any rock, mineral, or other substance that, owing to pressure.
its superior hardness, toughness, consistency, or other prop- absorption—the assimilation of fluids into interstices.
absorption loss—that part of transmitted energy (mechanical)
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lost due to dissipation or conversion into other forms (heat,
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion and
etc.).
Sediment Control Technology.
accelerator—a material that increases the rate at which
Current edition approved August 10, 1997. Published October 1997. Originally
chemical reactions would otherwise occur.
published as D 653 – 42 T. Last previous edition D 653 – 96.
activator—a material that causes a catalyst to begin its
This extensive list of definitions represents the joint efforts of Subcommittee
D18.93 on Terminology for Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids of ASTM Committee
function.
D-18 on Soil and Rock, and the Committee on Definitions and Standards of the
active earth pressure—see earth pressure.
Geotechnical Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
active state of plastic equilibrium—see plastic equilibrium.
These two groups function together as the Joint ASCE/ASTM Committee on
Nomenclature in Soil and Rock Mechanics. This list incorporates some terms from additive—any material other than the basic components of a
ASTM Definitions D 1707, Terms Relating to Soil Dynamics, which were discon-
grout system.
tinued in 1967.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D 653
adhesion—shearing resistance between soil and another ma- ported in suspension by flowing water and subsequently
terial under zero externally applied pressure. deposited by sedimentation.
Symbol Unit amplification factor—ratio of dynamic to static displacement.
−2
Unit Adhesion c FL
a
amorphous peat—see sapric peat.
−1
Total Adhesion C ForFL
a
angle of e
...
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