ASTM E2001-08
(Guide)Standard Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-Metallic Parts
Standard Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-Metallic Parts
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The primary advantage of RUS is its ability of making numerous measurements in a single test. In addition, it can examine rough ground parts. It requires little sample preparation, no couplants, and generally will work with soiled items; however, it has no capability with soft materials. Soft metals, polymers, rubbers, and wood parts are not viable candidates for this technology.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes a procedure for detecting defects in metallic and non-metallic parts using the resonant ultrasound spectroscopy method. The procedure is intended for use with instruments capable of exciting and recording whole body resonant states within parts which exhibit acoustical or ultrasonic ringing. It is used to distinguish acceptable parts from those containing defects, such as cracks, voids, chips, density defects, tempering changes, and dimensional variations that are closely correlated with the parts' mechanical system dynamic response.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E2001 − 08
StandardGuide for
Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in
1
Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2001; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope procedure, whereby a rigid part is caused to resonate, the
resonances are compared to a previously defined resonance
1.1 Thisguidedescribesaprocedurefordetectingdefectsin
pattern.Basedonthiscomparisonthepartisjudgedtobeeither
metallic and non-metallic parts using the resonant ultrasound
acceptable or unacceptable.
spectroscopy method. The procedure is intended for use with
3.2.2 swept sine method, n—the use of an excitation source
instruments capable of exciting and recording whole body
to create a transient vibration in a test object over a range of
resonant states within parts which exhibit acoustical or ultra-
frequencies. Specifically, the input frequency is swept over a
sonic ringing. It is used to distinguish acceptable parts from
range of frequencies and the output is characterized by a
those containing defects, such as cracks, voids, chips, density
resonant amplitude response spectrum.
defects,temperingchanges,anddimensionalvariationsthatare
closely correlated with the parts’ mechanical system dynamic
3.2.3 impulse excitation method, n—striking an object with
response.
a mechanical impact, or electromagnetic field (laser and/or
EMAT) causing multiple resonances to be simultaneously
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
stimulated.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.4 resonant inspection (RI), n—any induced resonant
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
nondestructive examination method employing an excitation
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
force to create mechanical resonances for the purpose of
identifying a test object’s conformity to an established accept-
2. Referenced Documents
able pattern.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
4. Summary of the Technology (1)
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1876Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
4.1 Introduction:
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Impulse Excitation of 4.1.1 In addition to its basic research applications in
Vibration
physics, materials science, and geophysics, Resonant Ultra-
sound Spectroscopy (RUS) has been used successfully as an
3. Terminology
applied nondestructive testing tool. Resonant ultrasound spec-
troscopy in commercial, nondestructive testing has a few
3.1 Definitions—Thedefinitionsoftermsrelatingtoconven-
recognizable names including, RUS Nondestructive Testing,
tional ultrasonics can be found in Terminology E1316.
Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy (ARS), and Resonant In-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
spection. Early references to this body of science often are
3.2.1 resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy (RUS), n—a nonde-
termed the “swept sine method.” It was not until 1990 (2) that
structive examination method, which employs resonant ultra-
the name Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy appeared, but the
sound methodology for the detection and assessment of varia-
two techniques are synonymous. Additionally, impulse
tions and mechanical properties of a test object. In this
methods, like the striking of a rail car wheel with a hammer,
and listening for the responses, have been used for over 100
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc- years to detect the existence of large cracks. RUS based
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic
techniquesarebecomingcommonlyusedinthemanufactureof
Method.
steel, ceramic, and sintered metal parts. In these situations, a
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2008.PublishedJuly2008.Originallyapproved
partisvibratedmechanically,anddefectsaredetectedbasedon
in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E2001-98(2003). DOI:
10.1520/E2001-08.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
the ASTM website. this guide.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2001 − 08
changes in the pattern of resonances or variations from 4.2 Mod
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2001–98 (Reapproved 2003) Designation: E 2001 – 08
Standard Guide for
Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in
1
Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2001; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide describes a procedure for detecting defects in metallic and non-metallic parts using the resonant ultrasound
spectroscopy method. The procedure is intended for use with instruments capable of exciting and recording whole body resonant
states within parts which exhibit acoustical or ultrasonic ringing. It is used to distinguish acceptable parts from those containing
defects,suchascracks,voids,chips,densitydefects,temperingchanges,anddimensionalvariationsthatarecloselycorrelatedwith
the elastic properties of the material. parts’ mechanical system dynamic response.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E 1876 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions— The definitions of terms relating to conventional ultrasonics can be found in Terminology E 1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy (RUS), n—a nondestructive examination method, which employs resonant ultrasound
methodology for the detection and assessment of variations and mechanical properties of a test object. In this procedure, whereby
a rigid part is caused to resonate, the resonances are compared to a previously defined resonance pattern. Based on this comparison
the part is judged to be either acceptable or unacceptable.
3.2.2 swept sine method, n—the use of an excitation source to create a transient vibration in a test object over a range of
frequencies. Specifically, the input frequency is swept over a range of frequencies and the output is characterized by a resonant
amplitude response spectrum.
3.2.3 impulse excitation method, n—striking an object with a mechanical impact, or electromagnetic field (laser and/or EMAT)
causing multiple resonances to be simultaneously stimulated.
3.2.4 resonant inspection (RI), n—any induced resonant nondestructive examination method employing an excitation force to
create mechanical resonances for the purpose of identifying a test object’s conformity to an established acceptable pattern.
3
4. Summary of the Technology (1)
4.1 Introduction:
4.1.1 In addition to its basic research applications in physics, materials science, and geophysics, Resonant Ultrasound
Spectroscopy (RUS) has been used successfully as an applied nondestructive testing tool. Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy in
commercial, nondestructive testing has a few recognizable names including, RUS Nondestructive Testing, Acoustic Resonance
Spectroscopy (ARS), and Resonant Inspection. Early references to this body of science often are termed the “swept sine method.”
It was not until 1990 (2) that the name Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy appeared, but the two techniques are synonymous. RUS
based techniques are becoming commonly used in the manufacture of steel, ceramic, and sintered metal parts. In these situations,
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved July 10, 2003.1, 2008. Published September 2003.July 2008. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 19982003 as
E 2001 - 98(2003).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 03.03.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this guide.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
...
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