ASTM D2864-09
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
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Designation:D2864–09
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2864; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The definitions contained in this terminology pertain to terms as they are used in conjunction with
fluid insulating materials. Insofar as possible, the definitions are consistent with accepted general
usage,andmayalsocontainadditionalinformationdeemedtobeofvalueintestingoffluidinsulating
materials.
1. Referenced Documents complete repetition of the wave pattern is referred to as a
2
CYCLE, and the number of cycles occurring in one second
1.1 ASTM Standards:
is called the FREQUENCY, measured in hertz (Hz). For
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
example, the electricity supplied by commercial utility
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
companies in the United States is, in most localities, 60 Hz,
D2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber
although other frequencies may be encountered.
Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-
acid treating—a refining process in which an unfinished
Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromato-
petroleum insulating oil is contacted with sulfuric acid to
graphic Method
improve its color, odor, stability, and other properties.
D2140 Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition
ac loss characteristics—those properties of a dielectric or
of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
insulation system (such as dissipation factor, power factor,
D2300 Test Method for Gassing of Electrical Insulating
and loss index) that may be used as a measure of the power
Liquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (Modified
or energy losses that would result from the use of such
Pirelli Method)
material in an ac electric field.
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
additive—a chemical compound or compounds added to an
D3117 Test Method for WaxAppearance Point of Distillate
insulating fluid for the purpose of imparting new properties
Fuels
or altering those properties which the fluid already has.
E355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Rela-
ambient temperature—the temperature of the surrounding
tionships
atmosphere as determined by an instrument shielded from
2. Terminology
direct or reflected rays of the sun.
aniline point—the minimum temperature for complete misci-
ac—symbol used to designate an electric voltage or current
bility of equal volumes of aniline and the sample under test.
whoseamplitudevariesperiodicallyasafunctionoftime,its
See Test Methods D611. In comparing two samples of
average value over one complete period being zero. One
similar molecular weight, the aniline point can be used as a
means of comparing aromatic content of the two samples.A
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on product of high aniline point will be low in aromatics and
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
naphthenes, and therefore high in paraffins.
mittee D27.15 on Planning Resource and Development.
API gravity—an arbitrary scale developed by the American
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originally
Petroleum Institute and frequently used in reference to
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2864–07. DOI:
10.1520/D2864-09.
petroleum insulating oil. The relationship between API
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
gravity and specific gravity 60/60°F is defined by the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
following:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2864–09
DegAPIGravityat60°F 5141.5/~spgr60/60°F!2131.5 DISCUSSION—1—Conductivity is a general term. Specific reference
may be made to conductivity, dc.
aromatics—that class of organic compounds which behave
DISCUSSION—2—For dielectrics the conductivity may be dependent
chemicallylikebenzene.Theyarecyclicunsaturatedorganic
on the electrification time. (See also conductivity, apparent dc
compounds that can sustain an induced electronic ring
volume and conductivity, dc volume.)
current due to delocalization of electrons around the ring.
conductivity, apparent dc volume—the “dc volume conduc-
DISCUSSION—Empirically, the aromatic portion of a miner
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 2864–07 Designation:D 2864–09
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2864; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The definitions contained in this terminology pertain to terms as they are used in conjunction with
fluid insulating materials. Insofar as possible, the definitions are consistent with accepted general
usage,andmayalsocontainadditionalinformationdeemedtobeofvalueintestingoffluidinsulating
materials.
1. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 ASTM Standards:
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
D2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by
the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method
D2140 Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
D2300 Test Method for Gassing of Electrical Insulating Liquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (Modified Pirelli
Method)
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
D3117 Test Method for Wax Appearance Point of Distillate Fuels
E355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relationships
2. Terminology
ac—symbol used to designate an electric voltage or current whose amplitude varies periodically as a function of time, its average
value over one complete period being zero. One complete repetition of the wave pattern is referred to as a CYCLE, and the
number of cycles occurring in one second is called the FREQUENCY, measured in hertz (Hz). For example, the electricity
supplied by commercial utility companies in the United States is, in most localities, 60 Hz, although other frequencies may be
encountered.
acid treating—a refining process in which an unfinished petroleum insulating oil is contacted with sulfuric acid to improve its
color, odor, stability, and other properties.
ac loss characteristics—those properties of a dielectric or insulation system (such as dissipation factor, power factor, and loss
index) that may be used as a measure of the power or energy losses that would result from the use of such material in an ac
electric field.
additive—achemicalcompoundorcompoundsaddedtoaninsulatingfluidforthepurposeofimpartingnewpropertiesoraltering
those properties which the fluid already has.
ambient temperature—the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere as determined by an instrument shielded from direct or
reflected rays of the sun.
aniline point—theminimumtemperatureforcompletemiscibilityofequalvolumesofanilineandthesampleundertest.SeeTest
Methods D611. In comparing two samples of similar molecular weight, the aniline point can be used as a means of comparing
aromaticcontentofthetwosamples.Aproductofhighanilinepointwillbelowinaromaticsandnaphthenes,andthereforehigh
in paraffins.
API gravity—an arbitrary scale developed by the American Petroleum Institute and frequently used in reference to petroleum
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D27.15
on Planning Resource and Development.
Current edition approved JulyJan. 1, 2007.2009. Published August 2007.February 2009. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20062007 as
D2864–067.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 2864–09
insulating oil. The relationship between API gravity and specific gravity 60/60°F is defined by the following:
DegAPIGravityat60°F 5141.5/~spgr60/60°F!2131.5
aromatics—that class of organic compounds which behave chemically like benzene. They are cyclic unsaturated organic
compounds that can sustain an induced electronic ring current due to delocalization of electrons around the ring.
DISCUSSION—Empirically, the aromatic portion of a mineral insulating oil can be estimated by correlation with physical properties (
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 2864–07 Designation:D 2864–09
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2864; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The definitions contained in this terminology pertain to terms as they are used in conjunction with
fluid insulating materials. Insofar as possible, the definitions are consistent with accepted general
usage,andmayalsocontainadditionalinformationdeemedtobeofvalueintestingoffluidinsulating
materials.
1. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 ASTM Standards:
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
D2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by
the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method
D2140 Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
D2300 Test Method for Gassing of Electrical Insulating Liquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (Modified Pirelli
Method)
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
D3117 Test Method for Wax Appearance Point of Distillate Fuels
E355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relationships
2. Terminology
ac—symbol used to designate an electric voltage or current whose amplitude varies periodically as a function of time, its average
value over one complete period being zero. One complete repetition of the wave pattern is referred to as a CYCLE, and the
number of cycles occurring in one second is called the FREQUENCY, measured in hertz (Hz). For example, the electricity
supplied by commercial utility companies in the United States is, in most localities, 60 Hz, although other frequencies may be
encountered.
acid treating—a refining process in which an unfinished petroleum insulating oil is contacted with sulfuric acid to improve its
color, odor, stability, and other properties.
ac loss characteristics—those properties of a dielectric or insulation system (such as dissipation factor, power factor, and loss
index) that may be used as a measure of the power or energy losses that would result from the use of such material in an ac
electric field.
additive—achemicalcompoundorcompoundsaddedtoaninsulatingfluidforthepurposeofimpartingnewpropertiesoraltering
those properties which the fluid already has.
ambient temperature—the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere as determined by an instrument shielded from direct or
reflected rays of the sun.
aniline point—theminimumtemperatureforcompletemiscibilityofequalvolumesofanilineandthesampleundertest.SeeTest
Methods D611. In comparing two samples of similar molecular weight, the aniline point can be used as a means of comparing
aromaticcontentofthetwosamples.Aproductofhighanilinepointwillbelowinaromaticsandnaphthenes,andthereforehigh
in paraffins.
API gravity—an arbitrary scale developed by the American Petroleum Institute and frequently used in reference to petroleum
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D27.15
on Planning Resource and Development.
Current edition approved JulyJan. 1, 2007.2009. Published August 2007.February 2009. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20062007 as
D2864–067.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 2864–09
insulating oil. The relationship between API gravity and specific gravity 60/60°F is defined by the following:
DegAPIGravityat60°F 5141.5/~spgr60/60°F!2131.5
aromatics—that class of organic compounds which behave chemically like benzene. They are cyclic unsaturated organic
compounds that can sustain an induced electronic ring current due to delocalization of electrons around the ring.
DISCUSSION—Empirically, the aromatic portion of a mineral insulating oil can be estimated by correlation with physical properties (
...
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