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ASTM D4948-89(2006)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods in their recommended regulations place materials having a flash point below 23°C (73.5°F) in Packing Group II. However, if viscous substances such as paint and related coatings, adhesives, polishes, etc., meet certain requirements, they can be placed in Group III along with materials having a flash point between 23 and 60.5°C (73.5 and 140°F). One of the requirements is that less than 3 % of clear liquid separates from the bulk of the material when subjected to this test method.
At the present time most international regulatory bodies such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) use the U.N. Recommendations. It is anticipated that most national transportation regulatory bodies will adopt the U.N. Recommendations as their regulations for control of transportation of hazardous materials. At present the United States permits the transshipment of hazardous materials through the United States to other countries under regulations of the IMO and ICAO.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of liquid separated as an upper layer in a 24-h period from viscous solutions or dispersions that contain dispersed solids such as paints, enamels, pigmented lacquers, adhesives, polishes, and other similar materials.
Note 1—The amount of clear liquid that separates during this test is one of the criteria in the United Nations Recommendations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods for the placement of flammable viscous liquids into packing groups related to flash points (See ).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2006
ICS
07.030 - Physics. Chemistry
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.21 - Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4948-89(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D4948-89(2012) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012

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ASTM D4948-89(2006) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous LiquidASTM D4948-89(2006) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid
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ASTM D4948-89(2006) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid
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Standards Content (Sample)

Designation: D4948 − 89 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous
1
Liquid
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4948; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
4.1 The United Nations Committee of Experts on the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount
Transport of Dangerous Goods in their recommended regula-
of liquid separated as an upper layer in a 24-h period from
tions place materials having a flash point below 23°C (73.5°F)
viscous solutions or dispersions that contain dispersed solids
in Packing Group II. However, if viscous substances such as
such as paints, enamels, pigmented lacquers, adhesives, pol-
paint and related coatings, adhesives, polishes, etc., meet
ishes, and other similar materials.
certain requirements, they can be placed in Group III along
NOTE 1—The amount of clear liquid that separates during this test is
with materials having a flash point between 23 and 60.5°C
one of the criteria in the United Nations Recommendations on the
2
(73.5 and 140°F). One of the requirements is that less than 3 %
Transportation of Dangerous Goods for the placement of flammable
of clear liquid separates from the bulk of the material when
viscous liquids into packing groups related to flash points (See 4.1).
subjected to this test method.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 4.2 At the present time most international regulatory bodies
only. such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) use the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
U.N. Recommendations. It is anticipated that most national
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
transportation regulatory bodies will adopt the U.N. Recom-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mendations as their regulations for control of transportation of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
hazardous materials. At present the United States permits the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
transshipmentofhazardousmaterialsthroughtheUnitedStates
to other countries under regulations of the IMO and ICAO.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Apparatus
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
5.1 Graduated Cylinder, 100-mL, TC, glass-stoppered,
Pigmented Coatings
295-mm total height and 29-mm inside diameter.
5.2 Constant Temperature Cabinet or Room, at 23 6 2°C
3. Summary of Test Method
(73.5 6 3.5°F).
3.1 Ameasuredamountofthematerialtobetestedisplaced
in a graduated cylinder and allowed to stand undisturbed for 24
6. Sampling
h. The volume percent of the separated top layer is then
6.1 Obtain a uniform quart sample of the material using
determined.
standard methods for sampling in accordance with Practice
D3925.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
7. Conditioning
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
7.1 Storethesampleorarepres
...

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Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods in their recommended regulations place materials having a flash point below 23 °C (73.5 °F) in Packing Group II. However, if viscous substances such as paint and related coatings, adhesives, polishes, etc., meet certain requirements, they can be placed in Group III along with materials having a flash point between 23 °C and 60.5 °C (73.5 °F and 140 °F). One of the requirements is that less than 3 % of clear liquid separates from the bulk of the material when subjected to this test method.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of liquid separated as an upper layer in a 24-h period from viscous solutions or dispersions that contain dispersed solids such as paints, enamels, pigmented lacquers, adhesives, polishes, and other similar materials.  
Note 1: The amount of clear liquid that separates during this test is one of the criteria in the United Nations Recommendations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods2 for the placement of flammable viscous liquids into packing groups related to flash points (See 4.1).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods in their recommended regulations place materials having a flash point below 23 °C (73.5 °F) in Packing Group II. However, if viscous substances such as paint and related coatings, adhesives, polishes, etc., meet certain requirements, they can be placed in Group III along with materials having a flash point between 23 °C and 60.5 °C (73.5 °F and 140 °F). One of the requirements is that less than 3 % of clear liquid separates from the bulk of the material when subjected to this test method.  
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1.1 This guide provides concepts, terminology, symbols, and recommendations for the evaluation and expression of the uncertainty of radiochemical measurements of water and other environmental media by testing laboratories. It applies to measurements of radionuclide activities, including gross activities, regardless of whether they involve chemical preparation of the samples.  
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5.1 These test methods are useful adjunct to dynamic thermal tests that are performed under conditions in which the sample temperature is increased continuously at a programmed rate. Results obtained under dynamic test conditions present difficulties in determining the temperature at which an exotherm initiates because onset temperature is dependent on heating rate. These test methods describe in the present standard attempts to determine the onset temperature under isothermal conditions where the heating rate is zero.
SCOPE
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1.2 When a series of materials is tested by these test methods, the results permit ordering the materials relative to each other with respect to their thermal stability.  
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Note 1: A safe storage or processing temperature requires that any heat produced by a reaction be removed as fast as generated and that proper consideration be given to hazards associated with reaction products.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D3739-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Langelier Saturation Index for Reverse Osmosis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the design and operation of RO installations, it is important to predict the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids in the concentrate stream and the difference in passages for calcium ion, bicarbonate ion, and free carbon dioxide, the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream will generally be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the Langelier saturation index for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the RO operating parameters.  
5.2 A positive Langelier saturation index indicates the tendency to form a calcium carbonate scale, which can be damaging to RO performance. This practice gives various procedures for the adjustment of the Langelier saturation index.  
5.3 The tendency to form calcium carbonate scale can be suppressed by the addition of antiscalents or crystal modifiers. Suppliers of antisealents and crystal modifiers can provide information on the scale inhibition peformance of these types of chemical. Their use may be appropriate for reducing scale formation in RO systems. The RO system supplier should be consulted prior to the use of antisealents and crystal modifiers to ensure they will not have a negative impact on the RO system.
SCOPE
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