ASTM E2225-10
(Guide)Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage
Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The construction, composition, and color of textiles as evidence in crimes are useful comparison characteristics for forensic examinations. Textiles appear in a variety of weaves, knits, and nonwoven constructions; a combination of fabric types can occur in any one textile. There is a vast range of colors in which textiles are offered in the marketplace. Therefore, the construction, composition, and color of a textile can aid the Examiner in including or excluding a textile for consideration in a forensic examination.
A comprehensive forensic fabric or cordage examination should consist of a complete characterization of the construction and materials used in the composition of the item (such as sewing thread).
SCOPE
1.1 The intent of this guide is to assist individuals and laboratories conducting examinations of fabrics and cordage. It is not designed as a detailed methods description or protocol for the analysis and comparison of fabric and cordage evidence, but as a guide to an acceptable procedure to strengthen the usefulness of the analytical method.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
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Designation: E2225 − 10
Standard Guide for
1
Forensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2225; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.3 course—in knitted fabrics, a row of successive loops
in the width direction of the fabric.
1.1 The intent of this guide is to assist individuals and
laboratories conducting examinations of fabrics and cordage. It
3.2.4 crown—the raised portion of a strand in a twisted
is not designed as a detailed methods description or protocol
cordage.
for the analysis and comparison of fabric and cordage
3.2.5 fabric—a planar textile structure produced by interlac-
evidence, but as a guide to an acceptable procedure to
ing yarns, fibers, or filaments.
strengthen the usefulness of the analytical method.
3.2.6 fiber—in textiles, a generic term for any one of the
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
various types of matter that form the basic elements of a textile
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
and that is characterized by having a length at least 100 times
standard.
its diameter.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.7 filament—in textiles, a continuous fiber of extremely
2
long length.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3.2.8 knitted fabric—a structure produced by interlooping
E1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related
one or more ends of yarn or comparable material.
Documentation
3.2.9 nonwoven fabric—a textile structure produced by
E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and
bonding or interlocking of fibers, or both, accomplished by
Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
mechanical, chemical, thermal, or solvent means, or combina-
E2228 Guide for Microscopical Examination of Textile Fi-
tions thereof.
bers
3
3.2.10 pitch—the number of crowns per inch of the same
2.2 AATCC Standards:
strand.
AATCC Test Method 20:Qualitative Test Method 20–2007
Fiber Analysis: Qualitative
3.2.11 ply—the number of single yarns twisted together to
form a plied cord; an individual yarn in a plied yarn or cord.
3. Terminology
3.2.12 selvage—the narrow edge of woven fabric that runs
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
parallel to the warp; it is made with stronger yarns in a tighter
refer to Terminology D123.
construction than the body of the fabric to prevent raveling.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.13 staple fiber—natural fibers or cut lengths from fila-
3.2.1 cordage—twine, ropes, and cords, collectively.
ments.
3.2.2 core—fibers or other textile materials running length-
3.2.14 strand—filaments or yarns twisted together or laid
wise through the center of a cordage.
parallel to form a unit for further twisting or plaiting into
cordage.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
3.2.15 tracer—a marker (such as color-coded yarns or
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
labels) integrated into the manufacture of a cord that assists in
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2010. Published October 2010. Originally
identifying the manufacturer.
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2225 – 02. DOI:
10.1520/E2225-10.
3.2.16 twist direction (lay)—thedirectionoftwistinyarnsis
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
indicated by the capital letters S and Z; yarn with an S-twist is
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
seen when a yarn is held vertically and the plies spiral around
the ASTM website.
itscentralaxisslopeinthesamedirectionasthemiddleportion
3
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
of the letter S, and Z-twist is seen when the plies slope in the
(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
www.aatcc.org. same direction as the middle portion of the letter Z.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2225 − 10
4
3.2.17 wale—in knitted fabrics, a column of successive 6.2.2 Knots or ligatures, or both (1);
loopsinthelengthdirectionofthefabric;in woven fabrics,one 6.2.3 Dimensions (size, length, diameter, etc.);
of a series of raised portions or ribs lying warpwise in the 6.2.4 Components: number, type, and twist; and
fabric. 6.2.5 Color (dyed/natural).
3.2.18 w
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2225–02 Designation: E2225 – 10
Standard Guide for
1
Forensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2225; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The intent of this guide is to assist individuals and laboratories conducting examinations of fabrics and cordage. It is not
designed as a detailed methods description or protocol for the analysis and comparison of fabric and cordage evidence, but as a
guide to an acceptable procedure to strengthen the usefulness of the analytical method.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1459
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
E1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation
E1492
E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
E2228
E2228 Guide for Microscopical Examination of Textile Fibers
3
2.2 AATCC Standards:
AATCC Test Method 20:Qualitative Test Method 20–2007 Fiber Analysis: Qualitative
3. Terminology
3.1
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D123.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cordage—twine, ropes, and cords, collectively.
3.2
3.2.2 core—fibers or other textile materials running lengthwise through the center of a cordage.
3.3
3.2.3 course—the row of loops or stitches running across a knit fabric, corresponding to the filling in woven fabrics.
3.4—in knitted fabrics, a row of successive loops in the width direction of the fabric.
3.2.4 crown—the raised portion of a strand in a twisted cordage.
3.5
3.2.5 fabric—a planar textile structure produced by interlacing yarns, fibers, or filaments.
3.6knit fabric—a structure produced by interlocking one or more loops of yarn or comparable material.
3.7
3.2.6 fiber—in textiles, a generic term for any one of the various types of matter that form the basic elements of a textile and
that is characterized by having a length at least 100 times its diameter.
3.2.7 filament—in textiles, a continuous fiber of extremely long length.
3.2.8 knitted fabric—a structure produced by interlooping one or more ends of yarn or comparable material.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published August 2002. DOI: 10.1520/E2225-02.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2010. Published October 2010. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2225 – 02. DOI:
10.1520/E2225-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2225 – 10
3.2.9 nonwoven fabric—a textile structure produced by bonding or interlocking of fibers, or both, accomplished by mechanical,
chemical, thermal, or solvent means, or combinations thereof.
3.2.10 pitch—the number of crowns per inch of the same strand.
3.8
3.2.11 ply—the number of single yarns twisted together to form a plied cord; an individual yarn in a plied yarn or cord.
3.9
3.2.12 selvage—thenarrowedgeofwovenfabricthatrunsparalleltothewarp.Itwarp;itismadewithstrongeryarnsinatighter
construction than the body of the fabric to prevent raveling.
3.103.2.13 staple fiber—natural fibers or cut lengths from filaments.
3.11
3.2.14 strand—filaments or yarns twisted together or laid parallel to form a unit for further twisting or plaiting into cordage.
3.12
3.2.15 tracer—amarker(suchascolor-codedyarnsorlabels)integratedintothemanufactureofacordthatassistsinidentifying
the manufacturer.
3.13
3.2
...
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