ASTM D5293-04
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between -5 and -35°C Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between -5 and -35°C Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oils correlates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS apparent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flow to the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Engine cranking data were measured by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) L-494 test with reference oils that had viscosities between 600 and 8400 mPa·s (cP) at −17.8°C and between 2000 and 20 000 mPa·s (cP) at −28.9°C. The detailed relation between this engine cranking data and CCS apparent viscosities is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the 1967 T edition of Test Method D 26025 and CRC Report 409.4 Because the CRC L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than the CCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accurately predict the engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specific engine. However, the correlation of CCS apparent viscosity with average L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.
The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosity and engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between −1 and −40°C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (SAE grades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineral oil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.6
A correlation was established in a low temperature engine performance study between light duty engine startability and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten 1990’engines at temperatures ranging from –5 down to –40°C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, and 25W).7
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils by cold cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between -5 and -35°C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 105 to 104 s-1 and viscosities of approximately 500 to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. These results are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided in Annex A1 for highly viscoelastic oils.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the cold-cranking simulator.
1.4 A special manual procedure is provided in Annex A1 for highly viscoelastic oils.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and Section 8.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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An American National Standard
Designation: D 5293 – 04
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between −5 and −35°C
1
Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
apparent viscosity of engine oils by cold cranking simulator
3. Terminology
(CCS) at temperatures between−5 and−35°C at shear stresses
3.1 Definitions:
of approximately 50000 to 100000 Pa and shear rates of
5 4 −1
3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—onethatexhibitsaconstant
approximately 10 to 10 s and viscosities of approximately
viscosity at all shear rates.
500 to 25000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent
3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a
on the instrument model and software version installed. These
viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.
results are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine
3.1.3 viscosity, h, n—the property of a fluid that determines
oils.
its internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:
1.2 Aspecial procedure is provided inAnnexA1 for highly
viscoelastic oils. h5t/g˙ (1)
1.3 Proceduresareprovidedforbothmanualandautomated
where:
determinationoftheapparentviscosityofengineoilsusingthe
t = the stress per unit area, and
cold-cranking simulator.
g˙ = the rate of shear.
1.4 AspecialmanualprocedureisprovidedinAnnexA1for
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Itissometimescalledthecoefficientof
highly viscoelastic oils.
dynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of the
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
resistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosity
standard.
is the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarily
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
used. The millipascal second is 1 cP.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.1 apparent viscosity, n—theviscosityobtainedbyuseof
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
this test method.
statements are given in 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and Section 8.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Since many engine oils are non-
Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can vary
2. Referenced Documents
with shear rate.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.2 calibration oils, n—oils with known viscosity and
D2602 Test Method forApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
viscosity/temperature functionality that are used to define the
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at Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
calibration relationship between viscosity and cold-cranking
simulator rotor speed.
3.2.3 test oil, n—any oil for which the apparent viscosity is
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
to be determined by use of this test method.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3.2.4 viscoelastic oil, n—a non-Newtonian oil or fluid that
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
climbs up the rotor shaft during rotation.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5293–02.
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4. Summary of Test Method
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 An electric motor drives a rotor that is closely fitted
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
inside a stator. The space between the rotor and stator is filled
the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn. withoil.Testtemperatureismeasurednearthestatorinnerwall
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
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D5293–04
FIG. 1 Cold Cranking Simulator
and maintained by regulated flow of refrigerated coolant 5.3 A correlation was established in a low temperature
through the stator. The speed of the rotor is calibrated as a engine performance study between light duty engine startabil-
function of viscosity. Test oil viscosity is determined from this ity and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten
calibr
...
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