ASTM D7805-13(2021)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Printing Ink Vehicles and Related Materials
Standard Terminology for Printing Ink Vehicles and Related Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among manufacturers of printing ink, printing ink vehicles, resins, solvents, oils and all other components of printing ink vehicles.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard contains the definitions of terms as used in reference to printing ink vehicles and related materials.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7805 − 13 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Terminology for
Printing Ink Vehicles and Related Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7805; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope acrylic resins, n—thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers or
copolymers derived from ethenylically unsaturated mono-
1.1 Thisstandardcontainsthedefinitionsoftermsasusedin
mers such as styrene, acrylic/methacrylic acid, and acrylic/
reference to printing ink vehicles and related materials.
methacrylic acid esters.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
DISCUSSION—Acrylic resins are used most commonly in liquid (for
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
example, flexo and gravure) inks. Most waterbased inks are formulated
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
from acrylic resins or acrylic emulsions.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
adhesion, n—state in which two surfaces are held together by
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
interfacial forces that may consist of valence forces, inter-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
locking action, or both.
2. Referenced Documents
alkyd, n—synthetic resins formed by the reaction of polybasic
2.1 ASTM Standards:
acids with polyhydric alcohols, typically modified with
D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
unsaturated vegetable oils.
D4713 Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Heatset and
DISCUSSION—Alkyds are typically used in oxidatively drying paste
Liquid Printing Ink Systems
inks (for example, sheetfed).
D6419 Test Method for Volatile Content of Sheet-Fed and
amine number (value), n—the relative number of –NH
Coldset Web Offset Printing Inks
groups on a polymer or other molecule as determined by the
milligrams of potassium hydroxide equivalent to the amine
3. Significance and Use
groups in one gram of the material.
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve
communication and avoid misunderstanding among manufac-
antioxidant, n—organic compound added to a resin, vehicle,
turers of printing ink, printing ink vehicles, resins, solvents,
or other material to retard oxidation, deterioration, and
oils and all other components of printing ink vehicles.
rancidity.
apparent viscosity (VD), n—measured viscosity of a non-
4. Terminology
Newtonian fluid at a particular shear rate D.
acid number (value), n—an indication of the relative amount
-1
DISCUSSION—A shear rate of 2500 s has been found useful for
of –COOH functionality of a polymer or other molecule.
printing inks.
DISCUSSION—Acidnumbercalculatedbythenumberofmilligramsof
potassiumhydroxideneutralizedbythefreeacidspresentin1gofresin
biocide, n—a substance that kills microorganisms such as
or other material. The determination is made by titrating the sample
bacteria, molds, slimes, fungi, etc.
with KOH in alcohol using phenolphthalein as an indicator.
DISCUSSION—Typically used in aqueous printing ink systems.
acrylates, n—chemical materials which contain the grouping
cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), n—synthetic polymers
OCOCHCH ,usuallyintheformofmonomersoroligomers.
formed by the reaction of cellulose with acetic and butyric
anhydrides.
1 DISCUSSION—CAB is typically used in solvent based liquid inks.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
cellulose acetate proprionate (CAP), n—synthetic polymers
Subcommittee D01.37 on Ink Vehicles.
Current edition approved June 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally
formed by the reaction of cellulose with acetic and propionic
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7805 – 13. DOI:
anhydrides.
10.1520/D7805-13R21.
DISCUSSION—CAP is typically used in solvent based liquid inks.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
cellulose ester, n—cellulose in which some or all of the free
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. hydroxyl groups are replaced by acidic groups.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7805 − 13 (2021)
cellulose ethers (ethyl cellulose), n—synthetic polymers gated double bonds such as rosin, tall oil or rosin acid,
formed by the reaction of wood pulp with sodium hydroxide followed by esterification with polyhydric acids.
and ethyl chloride. DISCUSSION—Fumaric resins can be used in both liquid and paste
printing inks.
clarity, n—the characteristic of a transparent body whereby
frequency sweep test, n—an evaluation of the dynamic
distinct high-contrast images or high-contrast objects (sepa-
mechanical properties, that is, the storage modulus and the
rated by some distance from the body) are observable
loss of modulus, of attest material over a range of
through the body.
frequencies, for example, 100 to 0.1 radians/sec. One can
cloud point, n—point at which compatibility is lost causing a
specifythefrequencyinunitsofHz(cycles/sec.)1Hz=6.28
resin/solvent mixture to become turbid and lose clarity. rad/sec.
DISCUSSION—The user provides a specified geometry, the oscillatory
coagulum, n—clot, curd, or coagulated albuminoid substance.
strain or stress, the temperature of the test, and the required frequency
range. The storage and loss moduli will be determined as a function of
cohesion, n—force by which the molecules of a substance are
frequency.
held together.
G', n—elastic (storage) modulus obtained from an oscillatory
cold cut, n—dispersion of resin into solvent using high shear
test represents the energy stored during each frequency cycle
dispersion without external heating.
in which the stress is divided by the corresponding linear
elastic strain.
colloid, n—solid, liquid, or gaseous substance made up of very
small, insoluble, nondiffusible particles that remain in sus-
G", n—viscous (loss) modulus obtained from an oscillatory
pension in a surrounding solid, liquid, or gaseous medium of
test represents the amount of energy lost during each
different matter.
frequency cycle or the imaginary part of the complex
modulus (for shear).
compatibility,n—ability of a mixture of two or more materials
to form a clear, homogeneous, and stable solution at room
gel, n—any polymer solution or more complex blend of resins
temperature. and alkyds that has been heat processed or reacted with a
gelling or cross-linking agent (for example, organo-
crosslinking,v—unionofhigh-polymermoleculesbyasystem
aluminum compounds) to build molecular weight and that
involving primary chemical bonds that is done either by
exhibits a pseudoplastic rheology (also called gelled ve-
addition of a chemical substance (cross-linking agent),
hicle).
exposing the mixture to heat or by subjecting the polymer to
high-energy radiation (UV or EB). gel length, n—the length of a string of gelled vehicle observed
when pulling apart a small sample of vehicle with a spatula
cure,v—thechemicalconversionfromawetfilmtoasoliddry
(that is, a long gel is very fluid and forms a “long” filament;
film.
a short gel has little flow and forms a “short” filament).
Rated as long, medium or short.
dissolution,v—point at which all resin completely dissolves in
the solvent.
gel seed, n—a non-homogeneous, gelatinous particle in a gel
vehicle, often the result of poor mixing or localized over-
elastomer, n—any rubber-like substance or polymer.
reaction during gelation.
exempt volatile compound, n—organic compounds that do
gelleant, n—see gelling agent.
not participate significantly in atmospheric photochemical
reactions. gelation, v—time dependent process by which a liquid under-
goesatransformationinrheologyduetoathree-dimensional
electron beam, n—conversion of an applied film from its
cross-linked network within the material.
application state to its final use state by means of a
gelled vehicle, n—see gel.
mechanisminitiatedbyelectronbeamradiationgeneratedby
equipment designed for that purpose.
gelling agent, n—a substance that modifies the rheological
properties of an ink vehicle by a chemical reaction. Gelling
energy curing, v—a graphic arts process for the conversion of
agents or gellants are typically organoaluminum compounds
an ink or coating to a solid film whereby reactive materials
that react with carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups present
are polymerized when exposed to a high energy source such
on the backbone of resins and alkyds to form cross-linked
as ultraviolet or an electron beam.
networks (also called gellant).
evaporation, v—change from the liquid state to a gaseous or
glass transition temperature, n—temperature at which amor-
vapor state as when solvent leaves a wet film.
phous material (such as glass or a high molecular weight
film former, n—a material that when applied to a substrate
polymer) changes from a brittle, vitreous state to a plastic
provides a continuous layer.
state.
fumaric resin, n—synthetic polymers formed by the addition grit, n—coarse foreign particles in a vehicle, often irregular in
reaction of fumaric acid to compounds containing conju- shape, that are hard, abrasive, and resistant to disintegration.
D7805 − 13 (2021)
DISCUSSION—Monomers can be used to reduce viscosity in energy
gums,n—naturaloccurringresinousmaterialssuchasguarand
curable systems.
xanthan that improve printability and rheology for water
base ink systems.
morphology, n—the shape, structure, or form of such sub-
stances as high molecular weight polymers, crystals, rein-
haze, n—a material that is not clear and somewhat cloudy.
forcing agents, and the like.
DISCUSSION—Whenappliedtotransparentmaterials,itisbasedonthe
percentage of transmitted light that is scattered relative to that which is
near-Newtonian liquid, n—liquid in which the variation of
transmitted.
viscosity with shear rate is small and the effect on viscosity
homopolymer, n—a polymer derived from a single monomer. of mechanical disturbances such as stirring is negligible.
Newtonian liquid, n—a liquid where the viscosity is indepen-
hydrocarbon oil,n—petroleum based oil that can be saturated,
unsaturated, cyclic or aromatic in nature. dent of the shear stress or shear rate.
DISCUSSION—If the ratio of shear stress to shear rate is not constant,
hydrocarbon resin, n—petroleum based resins that consist
the liquid is non-Newtonian.
exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. May be aliphatic or
nitrocellulose resin, n—naturally derived polymer produced
cyclic in nature.
by treating cellulose with mixtures of nitric and sulfonic
DISCUSSION—Hydrocarbon resins are typically used in lithographic
acids.
inks.
DISCUSSION—Nitrocellulose is typically used in solvent based liquid
hydrolysis, v—chemical reaction in which water reacts with
inks.
another substance to form one or more new substances.
non-Newtonian liquid, n—a liquid whose viscosity varies
DISCUSSION—This involves splitting of the water molecule into ions.
with shear rate.
hydroxyl number, n—an indication of the relative number of DISCUSSION—Such liquids may be either shear thinning (pseudoplas-
tic)orshearthickening(dilatant).Mostprintinginksareshearthinning.
–OH groups on a polymer or other molecule. Hydroxyl
number is determined by acetylation with acetic acid anhy-
nonvolatile material, n—solid material remaining after vola-
dride and titration of the excess anhydride with potassium
tiles have been removed from a coating under specified test
hydroxide.
conditions.
DISCUSSION—Inthecaseofapurecompound,thehydroxylnumberis
inversely proportional to the hydroxyl equivalent weight.
novolac, n—phenolic resins where the molar ratio of formal-
dehyde to phenol is less than one.
incompatibility, n—inability of two or more materials to exist
in close and permanent association for an indefinite period.
odor,n—important property of many substances manifested by
In printing ink vehicles, it is a resin and solvent mixture that
a physiological sensation caused by contact of molecules
does not form a clear, homogeneous, and stable solution. In
with the olfactory nervous system.
printing ink vehicles it is typified by a resin and solvent DISCUSSION—Odor and flavor are closely related and both are
profoundly affected by submicrogram amounts of volatile compounds.
mixture that is not uniform; consisting of an opaque or
two-phase mixture.
oleoresinous, n—a generic term for a combination of oil and
resin.
kauri butanol value (KB), n—a measure of the solvent power
DISCUSSION—Examples are oil based oxidizable, heatset, and letter-
of hydrocarbon solvents and oils.
press inks and vehicles.
DISCUSSION—Titration with kauri gum butanol reagent. Values range
from20,whichrepresentslowsolvency,to105,whichishighsolvency.
oligomer,n—polymers with an intermediate molecular weight,
typically in the range of 440 to 7700.
latex, n—a white, free flowing liquid obtained from some
species of shrubs and trees in which microscopically small
organosol, n—a suspension of polymer particles in organic
particles or globules of nature rubber are suspended in a
solvents, typically made with vinyl resins, solvents and
watery serum. Synthetic latex can be made through a
plasticizers.
chemical process; examples include polystyrene, styrene-
phenolic resin, n—synthetic polymers formed by the reaction
butadiene rubber (SBR), and neoprene.
of phenols with formaldehyde.
maleic resin, n—synthetics polymer formed by the addition
phenolic rosin ester, n—a specific class of rosin esters
reaction of maleic anhydride to compounds containing
modified with phenolic resins.
conjugated double bonds such as rosin, tall oil or rosin acid,
followed by esterification with polyhydric acids.
photoinitiator, n—a substance that decomposes into free
DISCUSSION—Maleic resins can be used in both liquid and paste inks.
radicals when exposed to light.
methanol number, n—a measurement of the solubility of an
polyamide resin, n—synthetic polymers formed by the reac-
offset resin or alkyd, based on the tolerance of a methanol
tion of polyamines with polycarboxylic acids.
titration.
DISCUSSION—Polyamides based on dimer acids are widely used in
solvent based liquid inks for foils and films.
monomer, n—low molecular weight m
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