ASTM D1761-88(1995)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood
Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide a basic procedure for evaluating the resistance of wood and wood-base materials to direct withdrawal of nails, staples, and screws. Spikes are included as nails in this standard.
1.2 The tests also provide a basis for determining comparable performance of different types and sizes of nails, staples, and screws in direct withdrawal from wood and wood-base materials.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 1761 – 88 (Reapproved 1995)
Standard Test Methods for
Mechanical Fasteners in Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1761; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Section 52 was added editorially in November 1995.
INTRODUCTION
The use of wood and wood-base materials in many structural and other applications often involves
the use of mechanical fasteners, such as nails, screws, bolts, lag screws, and connectors. Data on the
strength and performance of such fasteners are frequently needed for design and for comparative
purposes. Tests of mechanical fasteners (except nail withdrawal) have been generally regarded as
special tests and have not been included in the standard methods already established for evaluating the
properties of wood. Many such special tests have been extensively used over a considerable period but
have not previously been established as standards. Presented herewith are methods of conducting tests
for nail, staple, and screw (except machine screws) withdrawal resistance; lateral load transmission by
nail, staple, screw, bolt, and timber connector; and load transmission by nail plates and joist hangers.
The use of standard methods for these tests is recommended as a means of obtaining comparable data
and of eliminating variables in test results because of variations in testing methods.
The tests appear in the following order:
Sections
Nail, Staple, or Screw Withdrawal Test 1to12
Lateral Nail, Staple, or Screw Resistance Test 13 to 20
Testing Bolted and Timber Connector Joints 21 to 30
Tension Tests of Plate-Type Connector Joints 31 to 40
Joist Hanger Tests 41 to 50
Precision and Bias 51
NAIL, STAPLE, OR SCREW WITHDRAWAL TEST 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1. Scope
D 143 Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Tim-
1.1 These test methods provide a basic procedure for 2
ber
evaluating the resistance of wood and wood-base materials to 3
D 2016 Test Methods for Moisture Content of Wood
direct withdrawal of nails, staples, and screws. Spikes are
D 2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and
included as nails in this standard.
Wood-Base Materials
1.2 The tests also provide a basis for determining compa- 4
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
rable performance of different types and sizes of nails, staples,
2.2 Other Standards:
and screws in direct withdrawal from wood and wood-base
Federal Specification FF-W-92 for Washers, Metal, Flat
materials.
(Plain)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ANSI B18.6.1 American National Standard for Slotted and
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Recessed Head Wood Screws
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3. Summary of Test Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Specimens consist of prisms of wood or wood-base
products, with nails, staples, or screws driven at right angles to
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-7 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.05 on Wood Assem- Discontinued, see 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
blies. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Current edition approved December 30, 1988. Published March 1989. Originally Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
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published as D 1761 – 60 T. Last previous edition D 1761– 77(1988) . Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 1761
one or more faces. The fasteners are withdrawn at a uniform 6.1.1 Nails used for basic withdrawal tests shall be bright
rate of speed by means of a testing machine, and the maximum plain-shank diamond-point round-wire, low-carbon-steel nails
load is recorded. Supplementary physical properties of the nominally 0.113 in. (2.87 mm) in diameter (Note 1). They shall
wood or wood-base product are also determined. be cleaned before use to remove any coating or surface film
that may be present as a result of manufacturing operations and
4. Significance and Use
exposure. Each nail shall be used but once.
4.1 The resistance of a species of wood or a wood-base
NOTE 1—A sixpenny common wire nail meets this requirement.
product to direct withdrawal of nails, staples, or screws is a
measure of its ability to hold or be held to an adjoining object
6.1.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes or
by means of such fasteners. Factors that affect this withdrawal
types of nails in wood or wood products, the respective sizes
resistance include the physical and mechanical properties of
and types of nail will be as circumstances dictate. These nails
the wood; the size, shape, and surface condition of the
shall be representative of the normal manufacturing process,
fasteners; the speed of withdrawal; physical changes to wood
and special cleaning of the shank shall normally not be
or fasteners between time of driving and time of withdrawal;
undertaken.
orientation of fiber axis; and the occurrence and nature of
6.2 Staples:
prebored lead holes.
6.2.1 Staples used for basic leg withdrawal resistance shall
4.2 By using a standard size and type of nail, staple, or 7
be standard 2 in. (51 mm) long, ⁄16 in. (11.1 mm) crown, 15
screw, withdrawal resistance of a wood species or wood
gage (0.072 in.) (1.83 mm) galvanized steel staples. They shall
product can be determined, and such values for two or more
be cleaned before use. Each staple shall be used but once.
wood species or wood products can be compared. Throughout
6.2.2 For determining holding ability of different types or
the method this is referred to as the basic withdrawal test.
sizes of staples in wood or wood products, the respective
Similarly, comparative performances of different sizes or types
staples shall be representative of the normal manufacturing
of nail, staple, or screw can be determined by using a standard
process, and special cleaning of the legs shall not normally be
procedure with a particular wood or wood product, which
undertaken.
eliminates the wood or the wood product as a variable. Since
6.3 Screws:
differences in test methods can have considerable influence on
6.3.1 Screws used for basic withdrawal tests shall be stan-
results, it is important that a standard procedure be specified
dard 1-in. (25 mm) No. 10-gage flathead low-carbon-steel
and adhered to, if test values are to be related to other test
wood screws as described in the American National Standard
results.
for Slotted and Recessed Head Wood Screws (ANSI B18.6.1).
Each screw shall be used but once.
5. Apparatus
6.3.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes and
5.1 Testing Machine—Any suitable testing machine that is
types of screws in wood or wood products, the respective size
capable of operation at a constant rate of motion of the
and types of screw will be as circumstances dictate. These
movable head and has an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated in
screws shall be representative of the normal manufacturing
accordance with Practices E 4.
process.
5.2 Grips—A gripping device shaped to fit the base of the
6.4 Wood and Wood Products—Prisms shall be cut accu-
fastener head and of such a design as to allow accurate
rately and square to the required dimensions, and be planned
specimen positioning and true axial loading, is required. A
smooth. They shall be of representative density, free of defects
clamping assembly that will hold the specimen to one platen of
and growth irregularities, and of specified moisture content.
the machine is also required. A suitable test mechanism for
screw withdrawal is illustrated in Fig. 1.
7. Sampling
6. Test Materials
7.1 Sampling should provide for selection of representative
6.1 Nails:
test material on an objective and unbiased basis, covering an
appropriate range in density and properties as circumstances
suggest.
7.2 The tests should be sufficiently extensive to provide
reliable results. Where analysis by statistical procedures is
contemplated, experience and sometimes advance estimates
can be used to establish the scope of testing and type of
sampling needed to achieve the expected reliability.
NOTE 2—The precision required, and thus the manner of sampling and
number of tests, will depend upon specific objectives. No specific criteria
therefore can be established. General experience indicates that the
coefficient of variation from tests of fasteners ranges from about 15 to
30 %. When such is the case, precision of 5 to 10 %, with 95 % confidence
(an often accepted general measure of reliability for testing wood) cannot
be achieved without making a rather large number of tests. The present
recommendation is to make at least 10 replications for each variable as a
FIG. 1 Diagram of Assembly for Screw Withdrawal Test minimum requirement.
D 1761
8. Test Specimen paraffin wax or other similar lubricant when necessary to
facilitate driving.
8.1 Nail and Staple Withdrawal:
8.2.2 For basic withdrawal tests from wood products, the
8.1.1 For basic withdrawal tests from wood, the wood prism
specimen shall be 3 in. (76 mm) in width, and 6 in. (152 mm)
shall be 2 by 2 by 6 in. (51 by 51 by 152 mm). Nails of the type
in length. The depth of the specimen shall be at least equal to
outlined in 6.1.1 and staples of the type outlined in 6.2.1 shall
the length of the screw, and it may be necessary to glue
be driven at right angles to the face of the specimen to a total
together two or more thicknesses of material to provide the
penetration of 1 ⁄14 in. (32 mm). Two fasteners shall be driven
required depth. Screws of the type outlined in 6.2.1 shall be
into a tangential surface, two into a radial surface, and one into
threaded into the specimen a distance of ⁄3 in. (17 mm) at
each end. End and edge distances shall be sufficient to avoid
midwidth, at least 2 in. (51 mm) from the end of the specimen.
splitting. In general, edge distances should not be less than ⁄4
The size of lead hole shall be 70 % of the root diameter of the
in. (19 mm), end distances not less than 1 ⁄2 in. (38 mm) and
screw and it shall extend ⁄2 in. (13 mm) into the face of the
two fasteners shall not be driven in line with each other or less
specimen. The screws may be coated with paraffin wax or other
than 2 in. (51 mm) apart on radial or tangential faces. Nails
similar lubricant when necessary to facilitate driving.
shall be driven manually with a hammer. Staples shall be
8.2.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-
inserted with an appropriate tool, as nearly as possible perpen-
lar sizes and types of screws in wood or wood products, the
dicular to the specimen surface, with the staple crown at a 45°
specimen shall be of convenient size to accommodate the
(610°) angle to the grain direction of the prism.
quantity of screws to be tested in each specimen, without
8.1.2 For basic withdrawal tests from wood products, the
exceeding the edge and end distances and spacings necessary
test prism shall be a single thickness of convenient size not
to avoid splitting. Screws shall be threaded into the specimen
smaller than 3 in. (76 mm) wide and 6 in. (152 mm) long. Nails
for the length of the threaded portion of the shank or two thirds
of the type outlined in 6.1.1 and staples of the type outlined in
of the shank length if it is threaded throughout. The size of lead
6.2.1 shall be driven through the wood product at right angles
hole, if one is to be drilled, shall be 70 % of the root diameter
to the face, permitting at least ⁄2 in. (13 mm) of the shank
of the screw for a distance of one half of the screw length.
portion to remain above the surface. Nails shall be driven
8.2.3.1 If the withdrawal resistance may be influenced by
manually by means of a hammer. Staples shall be inserted with
the material through which the screw is to be threaded the
an appropriate tool as in 8.1.1, but if there is no discernible
screw shall be threaded through a held member into the holding
grain direction in the wood product, the staple crown shall be
member.
oriented at a 45° (610°) angle to the length of the prism.
8.1.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-
9. Conditioning
lar sizes and shapes of nails or staples in wood or wood
9.1 Nail, staple, and screw withdrawal tests are normally
products, the specimen shall be of convenient size to accom-
made on seasoned material. The wood or wood product,
modate the quantity of fasteners to be tested in each specimen,
whether kiln dried or air-dried, shall be stored in a room having
without exceeding the edge and end distances and spacings
a controlled temperature of 206 3°C (68 6 6°F) and a
necessary to avoid splitting. In wood, fasteners should be
controlled relative humidity of 65 6 3 % for a period suffi-
driven to 70 % of their length; in thin panel wood products they
ciently long to bring it to approximate equilibrium. The
should be driven completely through the thickness with at least
fasteners shall not be driven until equilibrium is attained in the
⁄2 in. (13 mm) of the shank portion remaining above the
wood component.
surface. The fasteners shall be driven by the method intended
9.2 Where required, withdrawal tests may be made on drier,
to be used in practice, that is, either manually with a hammer,
partially seasoned or unseasoned material. It may sometimes
or with an applicator or appropriate tool if this is the normal
be desired to apply the fasteners to unseasoned material and
method.
allow the completed specimen to season prior to withdrawal.
8.1.3.1 If the withdrawal resistance may be influenced by
As in 9.1 these specimens should attain the desired moisture
the material through which the fastener is to be driven, the
equilibrium in a controlled atmosphere to ensure uniform
fastener shall be driven through the fastened member (cleat)
moisture content at the time of test. Soaking in water will
into the fastening member.
produce and maintain an unseasoned condition of the wood,
8.2 Screw Withdrawal:
but it may result in an extremely high moisture content,
8.2.1 For basic withdrawal tests from wood, the specimen
particularly at the surface, and undesirable and nonrepresenta-
shall be 2 in. (51 mm) wide, 6 in. (152 mm) long, with depth
tive corrosion of the fas
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