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ASTM E1588-07e1

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry

Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) by manual and automated methods. The analysis may be performed manually, with the operator manipulating the microscope controls and the EDS system software, or in an automated fashion, where some amount of the analysis is controlled by pre-set software functions.
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among commercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general terms possible. The software manual for each system should be consulted for proper terminology and operation.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Feb-2007
ICS
11.020 - Medical sciences and health care facilities in general
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Drafting Committee
E30.01 - Criminalistics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1588-07 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
Effective Date
15-Feb-2007
Replaced By
ASTM E1588-08 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
Effective Date
15-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1732-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
Effective Date
15-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM E3309-21 - Standard Guide for Reporting of Forensic Primer Gunshot Residue (pGSR) Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDS)
Effective Date
15-Feb-2007

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ASTM E1588-07e1 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray SpectrometryASTM E1588-07e1 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
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ASTM E1588-07e1 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation:E1588–07
Standard Guide for
Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron
1
Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1588; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—Editorial corrections were made in August 2007.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This guide covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) 4.1 This document will be of use to forensic laboratory
by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by
spectrometry (SEM/EDS) by manual and automated methods. SEM/EDS.
The analysis may be performed manually, with the operator 4.2 SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method
,
3 4
manipulating the microscope controls and the EDS system that provides both morphological information and the el-
software, or in an automated fashion, where some amount of emental profiles of individual particles. This contrasts with
the analysis is controlled by pre-set software functions. bulk sample methods, such as atomic absorption spectropho-
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among com- tometry, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled
mercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled
termspossible.Thesoftwaremanualforeachsystemshouldbe plasma mass spectrometry, where the sampled material is
consulted for proper terminology and operation. dissolved or extracted prior to the determination of total
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the element concentrations, thereby sacrificing morphological in-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the formation and individual particle identification. In addition,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a bulk analysis
priate safety and health practices and determine the applicabil- techniquethathasbeenusedfortheelementalanalysisofGSR.
ity of regulatory limitations prior to use. Unlike the solution-based bulk methods of analysis, XRF is
nondestructive; however, XRF still does not provide morpho-
2. Referenced Documents
logical information and is incapable of individual GSR particle
2.1 ASTM Standard:
identification.
E 876 Practice for Use of Statistics in the Evaluation of
2 5. Sample Preparation
Spectrometric Data
5.1 Once the evidence seal is broken, care should be taken
3. Summary of Practice
so that no object touches the surface of the adhesive SEM/EDS
3.1 From the total population of particles collected, those
sample collection stub and that the stub is not left uncovered
that are determined by SEM to be within the limits of certain any longer than is reasonable for transfer, mounting, or
parameters (e.g., atomic number, size, or shape) characteristic
labeling.
of or consistent with GSR are analyzed by EDS. Typically, 5.2 Label the sample collection stub in such a manner that it
particles composed of high mean atomic number elements are
is distinguishable from other sample collection stubs without
detected by their SEM backscattered electron signals and an compromising the sample; that is, label the bottom or side of
EDS spectrum is obtained from each. The EDS elemental
the stub.
profile is evaluated for constituent elements that may identify 5.3 If a non-conductive adhesive was used in the sample
the particle as being characteristic of or consistent with GSR.
collectionstub,thesamplewillneedtobecoatedtoincreaseits
1 3
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Krishnan, S. S., “Detection of Gunshot Residue: Present Status,” Forensic
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics. Science Handbook, Volume I, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982.
4
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally Wolten, G. M., Nesbitt, R. S., Calloway, A. R., Loper, G. L., and Jones, P. F.,
approved in 1994. Last previous version approved in 2001 as E 1588 – 95(2001). “Final Report on ParticleAnalysis for Gunshot Residue Detection,” Report ATR-77
2
Withdrawn. (7915)-3, Aerospace Corporation, Segundo, CA, 1977.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
e1
E1588–07
electrical conductivity, unless an environmental SEM or low 7.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):
pressure/low vacuum - SEM is used for the analysis. Ca
...

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3.1 These terms have particular application to forensic practice. Entries for Section A of E1732 are chosen variously from Webster’s Online Dictionary, international standards, textbooks, and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee develops definitions when conventional sources fail to yield suitable candidates. Reference citations include:  
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1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.  
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for forensic science use.  
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The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.  
Section B: Criminalistics  
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.  
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Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis  
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis  
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination  
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination  
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ASTM E1588-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This document will be of use to forensic laboratory personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by SEM/EDS (5).  
5.2 SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method that provides (6, 7) both morphological information and the constituent elements detected in individual particles.  
5.3 Particle analysis contrasts with bulk sample methods, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (8), neutron activation analysis (NAA) (9), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), where the sampled material is dissolved or extracted prior to the determination of total element concentrations, thereby sacrificing size, shape, and individual particle identification.
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1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among commercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general terms possible. For proper terminology and operation, consult the SEM/EDS system manuals for each instrument.  
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4.1 This design and evaluation guide describes multiple categories for evaluating flexible medical packages and packaging materials. These include safety, barrier, material and package performance attributes and characteristics, package integrity, visibility and appearance, processing, printed ink, distribution simulation, and conditioning.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This document will be of use to forensic laboratory personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by SEM/EDS (5).  
5.2 SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method that provides (6, 7) both morphological information and the constituent elements detected in individual particles.  
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1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among commercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general terms possible. For proper terminology and operation, consult the SEM/EDS system manuals for each instrument.  
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1.7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Guide
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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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