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ASTM E2275-13

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance

Standard Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides laboratory procedures for rating the relative bioresistance of metalworking fluid formulations, for determining the need for microbicide addition prior to or during fluid use in metalworking systems and for evaluating microbicide performance. General considerations for microbicide selection are provided in Practice E2169.  
5.2 The factors affecting challenge population numbers, taxonomic diversity, physiological state, inoculation frequency and biodeterioration effects in recirculating metalworking fluid systems are varied and only partially understood. Consequently, the results of tests completed in accordance with this practice should be used only to compare the relative performance of products or microbicide treatments included in a test series. Results should not be construed as predicting actual field performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice addresses the evaluation of the relative inherent bioresistance of water-miscible metalworking fluids, the bioresistance attributable to augmentation with antimicrobial pesticides or both. It replaces Methods D3946 and E686.  
1.2 In this practice relative bioresistance is determined by challenging metalworking fluids with a biological inoculum that may either be characterized (comprised of one or more known biological cultures) or uncharacterized (comprised of biologically contaminated metalworking fluid or one or more unidentified isolates from deteriorated metalworking fluid). Challenged fluid bioresistance is defined in terms of resistance to biomass increase, viable cell recovery increase, chemical property change, physical property change or some combination thereof.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to antimicrobial agents that are incorporated into either the metalworking fluid concentrate or end-use dilution. It is also applicable to metalworking fluids that are formulated using non-microbicidal, inherently bioresistant components.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2013
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
E35 - Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents
Drafting Committee
E35.15 - Antimicrobial Agents
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2275-03(2008) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Replaced By
ASTM E2275-14 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance
Effective Date
01-Aug-2014
Referred By
ASTM D6666-20 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Aqueous Polymer Quenchants
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM E1497-23 - Standard Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM F86-21 - Standard Practice for Surface Preparation and Marking of Metallic Surgical Implants
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM E2889-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM E2523-13(2018) - Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2275 − 13
StandardPractice for
Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance
1
and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
1.1 This practice addresses the evaluation of the relative
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
inherent bioresistance of water-miscible metalworking fluids,
D3342 Test Method for Dispersion Stability of New (Un-
the bioresistance attributable to augmentation with antimicro-
used) Rolling Oil Dispersions in Water
bial pesticides or both. It replaces Methods D3946 and E686.
D3519 Test Method for Foam in Aqueous Media (Blender
1.2 In this practice relative bioresistance is determined by 3
Test) (Withdrawn 2013)
challenging metalworking fluids with a biological inoculum
D3601 Test Method for Foam In Aqueous Media (Bottle
that may either be characterized (comprised of one or more 3
Test) (Withdrawn 2013)
known biological cultures) or uncharacterized (comprised of
D4627 Test Method for Iron Chip Corrosion for Water–Mis-
biologically contaminated metalworking fluid or one or more
cible Metalworking Fluids
unidentified isolates from deteriorated metalworking fluid).
D5465 Practice for Determining Microbial Colony Counts
Challenged fluid bioresistance is defined in terms of resistance
from Waters Analyzed by Plating Methods
to biomass increase, viable cell recovery increase, chemical
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the
property change, physical property change or some combina-
Glass Electrode
tion thereof.
E1326 GuideforEvaluatingNonconventionalMicrobiologi-
1.3 This practice is applicable to antimicrobial agents that cal Tests Used for Enumerating Bacteria
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
are incorporated into either the metalworking fluid concentrate
or end-use dilution. It is also applicable to metalworking fluids Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-
that are formulated using non-microbicidal, inherently biore-
sistant components. tions
E2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Myco-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
bacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Method
only.
E2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metal-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
working Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Con-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
centrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E2694 Test Method for Measurement ofAdenosine Triphos-
phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
2. Referenced Documents
E2756 Terminology Relating to Antimicrobial and Antiviral
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Agents
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
E2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the
Metal Removal Fluid Environment
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E35 on Pesticides,
2.2 Other Standards:
Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct responsibility of
4
4.027 Synthetic Hard Water
Subcommittee E35.15 on Antimicrobial Agents.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2275 – 03(2008).
DOI: 10.1520/E2275-13.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AOAC International Methods of Analysis, AOAC International, Gaithersburg,
the ASTM website. MD.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2275 − 13
9215A.6a Heterotrophic Plate Count Media, Plate Count 3.3 Abbreviations:
5
Agar 3.3.1 a.i.—active ingredient
5
9216 Direct Total Microbial Count 3.3.2 a.s.—as supplied
6
Microbiological Test <71> 3.3.3 ATCC—american type culture collection
3.
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2275 − 03 (Reapproved 2008) E2275 − 13
Standard Practice for
Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance
1
and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice addresses the evaluation of the relative inherent bioresistance of water-miscible metalworking fluids, the
bioresistance attributable to augmentation with antimicrobial pesticides or both. It replaces Methods D3946 and E686.
1.2 In this practice relative bioresistance is determined by challenging metalworking fluids with a biological inoculum that may
either be characterized (comprised of one or more known biological cultures) or uncharacterized (comprised of biologically
contaminated metalworking fluid or one or more unidentified isolates from deteriorated metalworking fluid). Challenged fluid
bioresistance is defined in terms of resistance to biomass increase, viable cell recovery increase, chemical property change,
physical property change or some combination thereof.
1.3 This practice is applicable to antimicrobial agents that are incorporated into either the metalworking fluid concentrate or
end-use dilution. It is also applicable to metalworking fluids that are formulated using non-microbicidal, inherently bioresistant
components.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D3342 Test Method for Dispersion Stability of New (Unused) Rolling Oil Dispersions in Water
3
D3519 Test Method for Foam in Aqueous Media (Blender Test) (Withdrawn 2013)
3
D3601 Test Method for Foam In Aqueous Media (Bottle Test) (Withdrawn 2013)
D4012 Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content of Microorganisms in Water
D4627 Test Method for Iron Chip Corrosion for Water–Miscible Metalworking Fluids
D5465 Practice for Determining Microbial Colony Counts from Waters Analyzed by Plating Methods
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the Glass Electrode
E1326 Guide for Evaluating Nonconventional Microbiological Tests Used for Enumerating Bacteria
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
E2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count Method
E2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC) Method
E2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E35.15 on Antimicrobial Agents.
Current edition approved April 1, 2008Oct. 1, 2013. Published May 2008November 2013. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20032008 as
ε1
E2275 – 03 .(2008). DOI: 10.1520/E2275-03R08.10.1520/E2275-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2275 − 13
E2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphosphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2756 Terminology Relating to Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents
E2889 Practice for Control of Respir
...

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ASTM E2275-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides laboratory procedures for rating the relative bioresistance of metalworking fluid formulations, for determining the need for microbicide addition prior to or during fluid use in metalworking systems and for evaluating microbicide performance. General considerations for microbicide selection are provided in Practice E2169.  
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1.1 This practice addresses the evaluation of the relative inherent bioresistance of water-miscible metalworking fluids, the bioresistance attributable to augmentation with antimicrobial pesticides or both. It replaces Methods D3946 and E686.  
1.2 In this practice relative bioresistance is determined by challenging metalworking fluids with a biological inoculum that may either be characterized (comprised of one or more known biological cultures) or uncharacterized (comprised of biologically contaminated metalworking fluid or one or more unidentified isolates from deteriorated metalworking fluid). Challenged fluid bioresistance is defined in terms of resistance to biomass increase, viable cell recovery increase, chemical property change, physical property change or some combination thereof.  
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5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
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1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
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5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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SCOPE
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5.2 Initially this test method was developed to determine whether an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) would meet OEM low temperature performance criterion originally defined using a particular model viscometer.6, 7 The viscosity range covered in the original ATF performance correlation studies was from less than 1000 mPa·s to more than 60 000 mPa·s. The success of the ATF correlation and the development of this test method has over time been applied to other fluids and lubricants such as gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and so forth.  
5.3 Procedures A, B, C, and D of this test method describe how to measure apparent viscosity directly without the errors associated with earlier techniques that extrapolated experimental viscometric data obtained at higher temperatures.
Note 1: Low temperature viscosity values obtained by either interpolation or extrapolation of oils may be subject to errors caused by gelation and other forms of non-Newtonian response to spindle speed and torque.  
5.4 Procedures A, B, C, and D; If viscosity measurements are difficult to stabilize or a noticeable decrease in viscosity is seen at a constant speed between an initial measurement made during the 5 s to 10 s after the spindle rotation commences and the stabilized measurement between 60 s and 180 s, then this most likely indicates time-dependent, structural breakdown in the fluid. Some formulated fluid types may form wax structures when soaked at or below a certain low temperature which varies among fluids. The rotating spindle ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscometers with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle for the determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and some lubricants. This test method covers the viscosity range of 300 mPa·s to 900 000 mPa·s  
1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer.” In the lubricant industry, D2983 test results have often been referred to as “Brookfield2 Viscosity” which implies a viscosity determined by this method.  
1.3 This test method contains four procedures: Procedure A is used when only an air bath is used to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure B is used when a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath is used to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constant temperature liquid bath is used to cool samples by means of a simulated air cell (SimAir)3 Cell in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure D automates the determination of low temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity by utilizing a thermoelectrically heated and cooled temperature-controlled sample chamber along with a programmable rotational viscometer.  
1.4 There are multiple precision studies for this test method.  
1.4.1 The viscosity data used for the precision studies for Procedures A, B, and C covered a range from 300 mPa·s to 170 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –12 °C, –26 °C, and –40 °C. Appendix X5 includes precision data for –55 °C test temperature and includes samples with viscosities greater 500 000 mPa·s.  
1.4.2 The viscosity data used for Procedure D precision study was from 6400 mPa·s to 256 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –26 °C and –40 °C.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement ar...

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ASTM
ASTM E2523-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to metalworking fluid management and plant environment health and safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.  
3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single document, a compilation of definitions used by personnel involved with both metalworking environment health and safety and fluid management.  
3.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard will enable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms in the appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinary communications.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in the metalworking industry.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather, it defines terms relevant to metalworking fluid management and metalworking fluid health and safety.  
1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalworking operations, fluid types, and other terms germane to the practice of metalworking fluid management.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5707-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Lubricating Grease Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine wear properties and coefficient of friction of lubricating greases at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian point contact pressures. This test method has found application in qualifying lubricating greases used in constant velocity joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles and for lubricating greases used in roller bearings. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining a lubricating grease's coefficient of friction and its ability to protect against wear when subjected to high-frequency, linear-oscillation motion using an SRV test machine at a test load of 200 N, frequency of 50 Hz, stroke amplitude of 1.00 mm, duration of 2 h, and temperature within the range of the test machine, specifically, ambient to 280 °C. Other test loads (10 N to 1200 N for SRVI-model, 10 N to 1400 N for SRVII-model, and 10 N to 2000 N for SRVIII-model), frequencies (5 Hz to 500 Hz) and stroke amplitudes (0.1 mm up to 4.0 mm) can be used, if specified. The precision of this test method is based on the stated parameters and test temperatures of 50 °C and 80 °C. Average wear scar dimensions on ball and coefficient of friction are determined and reported.
Note 1: Optimol Instruments supplies an upgrade kit to allow SRVI/II-machines to operate with 1600 N, if needed.  
1.2 This test method can also be used for determining a fluid lubricant's ability to protect against wear and its coefficient of friction under similar test conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7038-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Moisture Corrosion Resistance of Automotive Gear Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test simulates a type of severe field service in which corrosion-promoting moisture in the form of condensed water vapor accumulates in the axle assembly. This may happen as a result of volume expansion and contraction of the axle lubricant and the accompanied breathing in of moisture-laden air through the axle vent. The test screens lubricants for their ability to prevent the expected corrosion.  
5.2 The L-33-1 test procedure is used or referred to in the following documents: ASTM Publication STP-512A,6 SAE J308, SAE J2360, and U.S. Military Specification MIL-PRF-2105E.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a test procedure for evaluating the rust and corrosion inhibiting properties of a gear lubricant while subjected to water contamination and elevated temperature in a bench-mounted hypoid differential housing assembly.2 This test method is commonly referred to as the L-33-1 test.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—(1) where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads and national pipe threads/diameters, and (2) the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard for the definitions in 12.2, and for SI units where there are no direct inch-pounds equivalent units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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