ASTM D5819-05(2012)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of Geosynthetic Durability
Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of Geosynthetic Durability
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic specification/selection process. This guide is intended to guide a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of degradation concerns based on the intended geosynthetic function or performance characteristic. This guide then provides a guide to select available test methods for experimentally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areas where no suitable test exists.
4.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degradation resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting or installing the geosynthetic.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of those factors of the appropriate application environment that may affect the post-construction service life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recommended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durability of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the durability can be considered in the design process.TABLE 1 FunctionsA and Other Performance CharacteristicsB
ContainmentB (C)—A geosynthetic provides containment when it encapsulates or surrounds materials such as sand, rocks, and fresh concrete.C
FiltrationA (F)—A geosynthetic performs the filtration function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for adequate liquid flow with limited soil loss across the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.
Fluid BarrierA (FB)—A geosynthetic performs the fluid barrier function when it essentially eliminates the migration of fluids through it.
Fluid TransmissionA (a.k.a. drainage)—A geosynthetic performs the fluid transmission function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for adequate flow with limited soil loss within the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.
InsulationB (I)—A geosynthetic provides insulation when it reduces the passage of heat, electricity, or sound.
ProtectionA (P)—A geosynthetic, placed between two materials, performs the protection function when it alleviates or distributes stresses and strains transmitted to the material to be protected.
ReinforcementA (R)—A geosynthetic performs the reinforcement function when it provides often synergistic improvement of a total system's strength created by the introduction of a tensile force into a soil (good in compression but poor in tension) or other disjointed and separated material.
ScreeningB (Scr)—A geosynthetic, placed across the path of a flowing fluid (ground water, surface water, wind) carrying particles in suspension, provides screening when it retains some or all soil fine particles while allowing the fluid to pass through. After some period of time, particles accumulate against the screen which requires that the screen be able to withstand pressures generated by the accumulated particles and the increasing fluid pressure.
SeparationA (S)—A geosynthetic placed between dissimilar materials so that the integrity and functioning of both materials can remain intact or be improved performs the separation function.
Surface StabilizationB (SS)—A geosynthetic, placed on a soil surface, provides surface stabilization when it restricts movement and prevents dispersion of surface soil particles subjected to erosion actions (rain, wind), often while allowing or promoting vegetative growth.
Vegetative ReinforcementB (VR)—A geosynthetic provides vegetative reinforcement when it extends the erosion control limits and performance of vegetation. A Functions are used in the context of this guide as terms that can be quantitatively described by standard tests or design techniques, or both.B Other performance characteristics are qualitative descriptions that are not yet supported by sta...
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Designation: D5819 − 05(Reapproved 2012)
Standard Guide for
Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of
Geosynthetic Durability
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4716 Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow
Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a
1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a system-
Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
atic determination of those factors of the appropriate applica-
D4886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles
tion environment that may affect the post-construction service
(Sand Paper/Sliding Block Method)
life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recom-
D5101 Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compat-
mended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durabil-
ibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
ity of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the
D5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension
durability can be considered in the design process.
Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Geosynthetics
1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issues
D5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for
associated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, or
Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to
installation environments.
Liquids
D5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-
2. Referenced Documents
tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
stant Tensile Load Test
D1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
D5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated
thetics
Temperature
D5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio
D1987 TestMethodforBiologicalCloggingofGeotextileor
(HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile Systems
Soil/Geotextile Filters
D5885 Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Poly-
D2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural
olefin Geosynthetics by High-Pressure Differential Scan-
Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
ning Calorimetry
D3083 Specification for Flexible Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Plas-
D5970 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles from
tic Sheeting for Pond, Canal, and Reservoir Lining (With-
Outdoor Exposure
drawn 1998)
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-
3. Summary of Guide
olefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
D4355 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by
3.1 The effects of a given application environment on the
Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a Xenon Arc
durability of a geosynthetic must be determined through
Type Apparatus
appropriate testing. Selection of appropriate tests requires a
D4594 Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability
systematic determination of the primary function(s) to be
of Geotextiles
performedandtheassociateddegradationprocessesthatshould
be considered. This guide provides a suitable systematic
approach.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthet-
3.2 Primary functions of geosynthetics are listed and de-
icsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.02onEnduranceProperties.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally approved
fined in Table 1. With knowledge of the specific geosynthetic
in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5819 – 05 DOI: 10.1520/
application area and end use, the corresponding primary
D5819-05R12.
2 function(s) is (are) identified. Table 2 gives degradation con-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
cerns as they relate to geosynthetic functions. Table 3 gives the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
environmental elements that relate to the various degradation
the ASTM website.
3 processes and the currently available ASTM Committee D-35
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. test method for the experimental evaluation of specific types of
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5819 − 05 (2012)
A B
TABLE 1 Functions and Other Performance Characteristics
B C
Containment (C)—A geosynthetic provides containment when it encapsulates or surrounds materials such as sand, rocks, and fresh concrete.
A
Filtration (F)—A geosynthetic performs the filtration function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for adequate liquid flow with limited soil loss
across the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.
A
Fluid Barrier (FB)—A geosynthetic performs the fluid barrier function when it essentially eliminates the migration of fluids through it.
A
Fluid Transmission (a.k.a. drainage)—A geosynthetic performs the fluid transmission function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for
adequate flow with limited soil loss within the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.
B
Insulation (I)—A geosynthetic provides insulation when it reduces the passage of heat, electricity, or sound.
A
Protection (P)—A geosynthetic, placed between two materials, performs the protection function when it alleviates or distributes stresses and strains
transmitted to the material to be protected.
A
Reinforcement (R)—A geosynthetic performs the reinforcement function when it provides often synergistic improvement of a total system’s strength created
by the introduction of a tensile force into a soil (good in compression but poor in tension) or other disjointed and separated material.
B
Screening (Scr)—A geosynthetic, placed across the path of a flowing fluid (ground water, surface water, wind) carrying particles in suspension, provides
screening when it retains some or all soil fine particles while allowing the fluid to pass through. After some period of time, particles accumulate against the
screen which requires that the screen be able to withstand pressures generated by the accumulated particles and the increasing fluid pressure.
A
Separation (S)—A geosynthetic placed between dissimilar materials so that the integrity and functioning of both materials can remain intact or be improved
performs the separation function.
B
Surface Stabilization (SS)—A geosynthetic, placed on a soil surface, provides surface stabilization when it restricts movement and prevents dispersion of
surface soil particles subjected to erosion actions (rain, wind), often while allowing or promoting vegetative growth.
B
Vegetative Reinforcement (VR)—A geosynthetic provides vegetative reinforcement when it extends the erosion control limits and performance of vegetation.
A
Functions are used in the context of this guide as terms that can be quantitatively described by standard tests or design techniques, or both.
B
Other performance characteristics are qualitative descriptions that are not yet supported by standard tests or generally accepted design techniques.
Note—during the placement of fresh concrete in a geotextile flexible form, the geosynthetic functions temporarily as a filter to allow excess water to escape.
geosynthetic degradation. The following appendixes are in- 5.1.4 The types of geosynthetics that may or will be used,
cluded to provide background information: and
X1. Terminology
5.1.5 The duration or time of use (that is, service life).
X2. Application/End Use/Primary Function Tables
X3. Example of Test Method Selection Procedure
5.2 With this knowledge, the designer/specifier follows the
X4. Design-by-Function Discussion
following procedure:
X5. Commentary on Geosynthetic Durability
X6. Bibliography
5.2.1 Identify the primary function(s) or performance
characteristic(s), or both, to be performed by the geosynthetic
4. Significance and Use
in the specific application and end use intended. Functions and
4.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate
performance characteristics are defined in Table 1. (Tables for
geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic
guidance in identifying primary function(s) and performance
specification/selection process. This guide is intended to guide
characteristics are given in Appendix X2.)
a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of
5.2.2 Using Table 2, identify the potential degradation
degradation concerns based on the intended geosynthetic
process(es) that will almost always (denoted as “A”) or
function or performance characteristic. This guide then pro-
sometimes (denoted as “S”) be of concern when a geosynthetic
vides a guide to select available test methods for experimen-
performs the primary function(s) or provides the performance
tally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areas
where no suitable test exists. characteristic(s),orboth,whichwereidentifiedin5.2.1.Annex
A1containsassociatednotestoTable2thathelptoidentifythe
4.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degrada-
process(es) that is (are) sometimes a concern in the specific
tion resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting or
expected application environment.
installing the geosynthetic.
5.2.3 Using Table 3, select the test method(s) that applies to
5. Suggested Procedure
the potential degradation process(es) identified in 5.2.2 as a
5.1 To utilize a structured procedure for selecting appropri-
concern(s) in the specific application environment expected.
ate test methods, the geosynthetic designer/specifier must have
NOTE 1—Guidance is given in Table 3 to identify the most important
knowledge of:
elements or variables relating to each degradation process.
5.1.1 The intended geosynthetic application,
5.1.2 The end use of the geosynthetic via its primary
6. Keywords
function(s) or performance characteristic(s), or both,
5.1.3 The specific environment to which the geosynthetic 6.1 aging; degradation; durability; environment; exposure;
geosynthetic; long-term performance
will be exposed,
D5819 − 05 (2012)
A
TABLE 2 Geosynthetic Function/Durability Assessment
B
Potential Degradation Process
Environ-
Explanations of
Bio- Chem- Chem- Temper-
mental Mechan- Photo- Stress Thermal-
Function Primary Long-Term
Abbrevi- logical ical ical Clogging/ Hydrol- Plastici- ature
Creep Stress ical Degra- Relax- Degra-
Concerns
ation Degra- Degra- Dissol- Piping ysis zation Insta-
Cracking Damage dation ation dation
dation dation ution bility
C,D E E F G H I J G K
Containment C P S S S S NS S S NS NS Remain intact and
maintain filtration
performance
C,D E E L M H I J M K
Filtration F P S S A S NS S S NS NS Maintain design
filtration and resist
deformation and
intrusion
C E E G N,O H I J G P K
Fluid Barrier FB S S S NS A S S S NS S S Maintain intended
level of essential
impermeability
C,D E E Q R O H I J R K
Fluid Transmission FT P S S A A A S S S NA NS Maintain flow under
compressive loads
C,D E E
Insulation I P S S N N N N N N N N N N Minimize temperature
losses and gains
across geosyn
C,D E E S H J S K
Protection P P S S NS NS NS NS NS Maintain protective
performance
C,D E E T U O H T J V U U K
Reinforcement R P S S ,P NA P S P S P S S S Provide necessary
strength, stiffness
and soil interaction
C,D E E W H I J K
Screening Scr P S S S NNS S S NN N S Maintain filtration
performance and
resist deformation
C,D E E H X J K
Separation S P S S NN N S P S NN N S Remain intact
C,D E E H Y Y K
Surface SS P S S NN N S A A NN N S Remain intact to resist
Stabilization erosive forces until
vegetation is
established
C,D E E H Y Y K
Vegetative VR P S S NN N S A A NN N S Remain intact
Reinforcement throughout
vegetation
A
Refer to Appendix X1 for terminology relating to Table 2.
B
M = Not a generally recognized concern; S = Sometimes a concern; A = Almost always a concern; P = Potential concern being researched.
C
Microorganisms have been known to attack and digest additives (plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers) used to plasticize some base polymers. This attack will change
physical and mechanical properties. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers incorporated into geosynthetic products. Embrittlement of geosynthetic surfaces
may influence interaction properties.
D
Microbial enzymes have been known to initiate and propagate reactions deteriorative to some base polymers. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers used
in geosynthetic products.
E
Chemical degradation or dissolution, or both, including the leaching of plasticizers or additives from the polymer structure, may be a concern for some geosynthetics
exposed to liquids containing unusually high concentrations of metals, salts, or chemicals, especially at elevated temperatures.
F
If select fill is not available, then a clogging resistance test should be performed with the job-specific soil.
G
Geosynthetics in containment structures which require long term strength characteristics should be designed using appropriate creep and stress relaxation criteria.
H
Hydrolysis may be a concern for polyester (PET) and polyamide (PA) geosynthetics exposed to extreme pH conditions, especially at elevated temperatures.
I
When subject to rocking (abrasion), puncture (floating or airborne debris), or cutting (equipment or vandalism).
J
When permanently exposed or in extended construction phases (>2–4 weeks) and in “wrap-around” construction, photo degradation may be a concern for the exposed
geosynthetic.
K
Geosynthetics in applications such as dam facings and floating covers which results in exposure to temperatures at or above ambient must be stabilized to resist thermal
oxidation.
L
Clogging resistance of geotextiles can only be assessed by testing with site-specific soil and (sometimes) liquid.
M
If a filter geotextile is used with a geonet, it is important to assess short-term extrusion and long-term intrusion into the net.
N
Residual stresses and surface damage may produce synergistic effects with other degradation processes.
O
Polyethylene geosynthetics may experience slow crack growth under long-term loading conditions in certain environmental conditions.
P
Excessive expansion and contraction resulting from temperature changes may be a concern for geosynthetics without fabric reinforcement.
Q
Composite drains must resist clogging due to soil retention problems and intrusion of filter medium.
R
Geosynthetics relying on a 3-D structure
...
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