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ASTM D7603-23

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Storage Stability and Compatibility in Automotive Gear Oils

Standard Test Method for Determination of Storage Stability and Compatibility in Automotive Gear Oils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 To avoid equipment failure, a gear oil should remain a homogeneous liquid and the performance-enhancing additives should not separate out when the oil is stored for an extended period of time.  
5.2 In addition, because different oils are often mixed when topping off, gear oils from different manufacturers, or containing different base fluids or performance-enhancing additives should be completely miscible and compatible with each other. Any incompatibility of such mixtures can also result in equipment failure if gelation or additive dropout occurs.  
5.3 The test procedures described in this test method are designed to evaluate the performance of gear oils in each of the above circumstances.  
5.4 This test method is based on the separate test methods FED-STD-791/3440.1 and FED-STD-791/3440.2. Minor changes have been made to the FED test methods to provide a coherent unified procedure. These changes do not significantly alter the test procedures. This test method has, therefore, potential for use as an alternative to the FED test methods in gear oil specifications such as SAE J2360 and Specification D5760.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of storage stability characteristics and the compatibility of automotive gear lubricants when blended with reference lubricants. The purpose of the test is to determine if performance-enhancing additives separate out under defined conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
28-Feb-2023
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.B0.01 - Passenger Car Engine Oils
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7603-23 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Storage Stability and Compatibility in Automotive Gear OilsASTM D7603-23 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Storage Stability and Compatibility in Automotive Gear Oils
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ASTM D7603-23 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Storage Stability and Compatibility in Automotive Gear Oils
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7603 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Storage Stability and Compatibility in
1
Automotive Gear Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7603; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-
ders
1.1 This test method covers the determination of storage
3
2.2 SAE Standards:
stability characteristics and the compatibility of automotive
J2360 Lubricating Oil, Gear Multipurpose (Metric) Military
gear lubricants when blended with reference lubricants. The
Use
purpose of the test is to determine if performance-enhancing
4
additives separate out under defined conditions.
2.3 Federal Test Method Standard:
FED-STD-791/3440.1 Storage Solubility Characteristics of
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Universal Gear Lubricants
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
FED-STD-791/3440.2 Compatibility Characteristics of Uni-
standard.
versal Gear Lubricants
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.1 calibrate, v—to determine the indication or output of a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
measuring device (for example, thermometer, manometer,
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
engine) with respect to that of a standard.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2 candidate oil, n—an oil that is intended to have the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
performance characteristics necessary to satisfy a specification
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
and is to be tested against that specification. D4175
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.3 reference oil, n—an oil of known performance
characteristics, used as a basis for comparison.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Reference oils are used to calibrate
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
testing facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, or
D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
to evaluate other materials (such as seals) that interact with
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
oils. D4175
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
3.1.4 test oil, n—any oil subjected to evaluation in an
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
established procedure. D4175
Fuels, and Lubricants
D5760 Specification for Performance of Manual Transmis-
4. Summary of Test Method
sion Gear Lubricants
4.1 Separation of the performance-enhancing additives in a
E542 Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory
test oil during storage is determined by heating it to 120 °C,
Volumetric Instruments
storing at room temperature for 30 days, and making a
qualitative observation as to whether any material has sepa-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on rated out.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.B0.01 on Passenger Car Engine Oils.
Current edition approved March 1, 2023. Published April 2023. Originally
3
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7603 – 13, which was Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
withdrawn January 2022 and reinstated in March 2023. DOI:10.1520/D7603-23. PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available online at www.assistdocs.com (search for FED-STD-791 in the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM document ID field or from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
the ASTM website. dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7603 − 23
4.1.1 An optional, non-mandatory test method is also de- between various calibration marks are given in Table 1 and
scribed in Append
...

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5.1 The tendency of oils to foam at high temperature can be a serious problem in systems such as high-speed gearing, high volume pumping, and splash lubrication. Foaming can cause inadequate lubrication, cavitation, and loss of lubricant due to overflow, and these events can lead to mechanical failure.  
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Scope  
1  
Referenced documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Methods  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
General Laboratory Requirements  
6.1  
Test Engine  
6.2  
Test Engine Accessories and Parts  
6.3  
Reagents and Materials  
7  
Test Oil Sample Requirements  
8  
Preparation of Apparatus  
9  
Engine Inspection  
9.1  
Engine Pre-Test Lubrication System Flush  
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Engine Pre-Test Measurements and Inspections  
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Engine Assembly  
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General Requirements and Frequency of Calibration  
10.1  
Runs  
10.2  
Specified Test Parameters  
10.3  
Calibration Test Acceptance Criteria  
10.4  
Action on Rejection of Calibration Test  
10.5  
Test Numbering  
10.6  
Reference Oils  
10.7  
Severity Adjustments  
10.8  
Engine Operating Procedure  
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Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus and Installation  
6  
Intake Air System  
6.2.1  
Exhaust System  
6.2.2  
Fuel System  
6.2.3  
Oil Consumption System  
6.2.4  
Engine Oil System  
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Oil Heating System  
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Oil Sample Valve  
6.2.5.2  
Engine Coolant System  
6.2.6  
Engine Instrumentation  
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Oil Samples  
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General Engine Assembly Practices  
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Complete Engine Inspection  
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Copper Components  
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Engine Lubricant System Flush  
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Engine Piston Cooling Jets  
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Engine Measurements and Inspections  
9.6  
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Valve Guide Bushings  
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Piston and Rings  
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Engine Timing  
9.13  
Engine Coolant System Cleaning Procedure  
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Test Cell Instrumentation  
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10.7  
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Oil Scale Flow Rates  
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Calibration of Test Stands  
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Extending Test Stand Calibration Period  
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Test Run Numbering  
10.13  
Humidity Calibration Requirements  
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Calibration of Piston Deposit Raters  
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Procedure  
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Engine Break-in Procedure  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Effects of Automotive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks in Sequence VIE Spark Ignition

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5.1 Test Method—The data obtained from the use of this test method provide a comparative index of the fuel-saving capabilities of automotive engine oils under repeatable laboratory conditions. A BL has been established for this test to provide a standard against which all other oils can be compared. The BL oil is an SAE 20W-30 grade fully formulated lubricant. The test procedure was not designed to give a precise estimate of the difference between two test oils without adequate replication. The test method was developed to compare the test oil to the BL oil. Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil performance for specification requirements are discussed in the latest revision of Specification D4485.  
5.2 Use—The Sequence VIE test method is useful for engine oil fuel economy specification acceptance. It is used in specifications and classifications of engine lubricating oils, such as the following:  
5.2.1 Specification D4485.  
5.2.2 API 1509.  
5.2.3 SAE Classification J304.  
5.2.4 SAE Classification J1423.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for the measurement of the effects of automotive engine oils on the fuel economy of passenger cars and light-duty trucks with gross vehicle weight 3856 kg or less. The tests are conducted using a specified spark-ignition engine with a displacement of 3.6 L (General Motors)4 on a dynamometer test stand. It applies to multi-viscosity oils used in these applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.3 This test method is arranged as follows:    
Subject  
Section  
Introduction  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
General  
6.1  
Test Engine Configuration  
6.2  
Laboratory Ambient Conditions  
6.3  
Engine Speed and Torque Control  
6.4  
Dynamometer  
6.4.1  
Dynamometer Torque  
6.4.2  
Engine Cooling System  
6.5  
External Oil System  
6.6  
Fuel System  
6.7  
Fuel Flow Measurement  
6.7.2  
Fuel Temperature and Pressure Control to the Fuel Flow Meter  
6.7.3  
Fuel Temperature and Pressure Control to Engine Fuel Rail  
6.7.4  
Fuel Supply Pumps  
6.7.5  
Fuel Filtering  
6.7.6  
Engine Intake Air Supply  
6.8  
Intake Air Humidity  
6.8.1  
Intake Air Filtration  
6.8.2  
Intake Air Pressure Relief  
6.8.3  
Temperature Measurement  
6.9  
Thermocouple Location  
6.9.5  
AFR Determination  
6.10  
Exhaust and Exhaust Back Pressure Systems  
6.11  
Exhaust Manifolds  
6.11.1  
Laboratory Exhaust System  
6.11.2  
Exhaust Back Pressure  
6.11.3  
Pressure Measurement and Pressure Sensor Locations  
6.12  
Engine Oil  
6.12.2  
Fuel to Fuel Flow Meter  
6.12.3  
Fuel to Engine Fuel Rail  
6.12.4  
Exhaust Back Pressure  
6.12.5  
Intake Air  
6.12.6  
Intake Manifold Vacuum/Absolute Pressure  
6.12.7  
Coolant Flow Differential Pressure  
6.12.8  
Crankcase Pressure  
6.12.9  
Engine Hardware and Related Apparatus  
6.13  
Test Engine Configuration  
6.13.1  
ECU (Power Control Module)  
6.13.2  
Thermostat Block-Off Adapter Plate  
6.13.3  
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6.13.4  
Thermostat Block-Off Plate  
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6.13.6  
Modified Throttle Body Assembly  
6.13.7  
Fuel Rail  
6.13.8  
Miscellaneous Apparatus Related to Engine Operation  
6.14  
Reagents and Materials  
7  
Engine Oil  
7.1  
Test Fuel  
7.2  
Engine Coolant  
7.3  
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5.2 Since this test method is semiquantitative, each laboratory shall develop its own criteria for each oxidation test method for determining when to switch from this semiquantitative test method to a more precise test method for acid number.
SCOPE
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Note 1: This test method is a micro version of Test Method D974 and it produces results similar to that method.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.  
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places:  (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7549-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High Output Conditions—Caterpillar C13 Test Procedure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method assesses the performance of an engine oil with respect to control of piston deposits and maintenance of oil consumption under heavy-duty operating conditions selected to accelerate deposit formation in a turbocharged, intercooled four-stroke-cycle diesel engine equipped with a combustion system that minimizes federally controlled exhaust gas emissions.  
5.2 The results from this test method may be compared against specification requirements to ascertain acceptance.  
5.3 The design of the test engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, needs to be considered when comparing test results against specification requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 The test method covers a heavy-duty engine test procedure under high output conditions to evaluate engine oil performance with regard to piston deposit formation, piston ring sticking and oil consumption control in a combustion environment designed to minimize exhaust emissions. This test method is commonly referred to as the Caterpillar C13 Heavy-Duty Engine Oil Test.3  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there are no SI equivalent such as screw threads, National Pipe Treads (NPT), and tubing sizes.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8111-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIH, Spark-Ignition Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to evaluate automotive engine oils for protection against oil thickening and piston deposits during moderately high-speed, hightemperature service.  
5.1.1 The increase in kinematic viscosity of the oil indicates the tendency of an oil to thicken because of oxidation. In automotive service, such thickening can cause oil pump starvation and resultant catastrophic engine failures.  
5.1.2 The deposit ratings for an oil indicate the tendency for the formation of deposits throughout the engine, including those that can cause sticking of the piston rings in their grooves. In automotive service, such ring sticking can cause a loss of compression pressures in the engine.  
5.2 The test method was developed to correlate with oils of known good and poor protection against oil thickening and piston deposits. Specially formulated oils that produce less than desirable results with unleaded fuels were also used during the development of this test.  
5.3 The Sequence IIIH engine oil test has been recommended as a replacement for the Sequence IIIG test and is expected to be used in specifications and classifications of engine lubricating oils, such as the following:  
5.3.1 Specification D4485.  
5.3.2 Military Specification MIL-PRF-2104.  
5.3.3 SAE Classification J183.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for evaluating automotive engine oils for certain high-temperature performance characteristics, including oil thickening (as measured by kinematic viscosity increase), piston deposits, ring sticking, oil consumption, and phosphorus retention. Such oils include both single-viscosity and multiviscosity grade oils that are used in both spark-ignition, gasoline-fueled engines, as well as in diesel engines.  
1.1.1 Additionally, with nonmandatory supplemental requirements, a Sequence IIIHA Test (Mini Rotary Viscometer and Cold Cranking Simulator measurements), or a Sequence IIIHB Test (phosphorus retention measurement) can be conducted. These supplemental test procedures are contained in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, respectively.
Note 1: Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil performance for specification requirements are discussed in SAE J304.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions:  
1.2.1.1 Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads, national pipe threads/diameters, tubing sizes, and valve sizes and springs.
1.2.1.2 The ring end gaps in Table A8.7, the dimensions for the blowby ventilation support bracket in Fig. A3.2, and the torque wrenches in Table A8.1 are in inch-pound units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are provided in 6.11.6, 7.1, 7.2.1, and 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8256-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in the Sequence VH Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate an automotive engine oil's control of engine deposits under operating conditions deliberately selected to accelerate deposit formation. This VH test method was correlated with the previous VG test method, which was correlated with field service data, determined from side-by-side comparisons of two or more oils in police, taxi fleets, and delivery van services.  
5.2 This test method, along with other test methods are used to define an engine oils minimum performance level necessary to meet certification requirements for API Category Specifications as outlined in Specification D4485. This test method may also be incorporated in automobile manufacturers’ factory–fill specifications.  
5.3 The basic engine used in this test method is representative of many that are in modern automobiles. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, should be considered when interpreting test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is commonly referred to as the Sequence VH test, and it has been correlated with the Sequence VG test. The Sequence VG test was previously correlated with vehicles used in stop-and-go service prior to 1996, particularly with regard to sludge and varnish formation.3 It is one of the test methods required to evaluate oils intended to satisfy the API SN, SN Plus performance category.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads, national pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or specified single source equipment.  
1.3 A table of contents follows:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus (General Description)  
6  
Apparatus (The Test Engine)  
7  
Sequence VH Test Engine  
7.1  
Required New Engine Parts  
7.2  
Reusable Engine Parts  
7.3  
Specially Fabricated Engine Parts  
7.4  
Special Engine Measurement and Assembly Equipment  
7.5  
Miscellaneous Engine Components—Preparation  
7.6  
Solvents and Cleaners Required  
7.7  
Assembling the Test Engine—Preparations  
7.8  
Assembling the Test Engine—Installations  
7.9  
Engine Installation on the Test Stand  
7.10  
Engine Fluids (Supply/Discharge Systems)  
8  
Intake Air  
8.1  
Fuel and Fuel System  
8.2  
Engine Oil and Engine Oil System  
8.3  
Coolants  
8.4  
Measurement Instrumentation  
9  
Temperatures  
9.1  
Pressures  
9.2  
Flow Rates  
9.3  
Fuel Consumption  
9.4  
Speed and Torque  
9.5  
Exhaust Gas  
9.6  
Humidity  
9.7  
Miscellaneous Laboratory Equipment  
10  
Test Stand Calibration  
11  
Test Procedure  
12  
Pre-Test Procedure  
12.1  
Engine Operating Procedure  
12.2  
Periodic Measurements and Functions  
12.3  
Special Maintenance Procedures  
12.4  
Diagnostic Data Review  
12.5  
End of Test Procedure  
12.6  
Interpretation of Test Results  
13  
Parts Rating Area—Environment  
13.1  
Sludge Ratings  
13.2  
Varnish Ratings  
13.3  
Clogging  
13.4  
Sticking  
13.5  
Used Oil Analyses  
13.6  
Assessment of Test Validity  
14  
General  
14.1  
Used Oil Analyses—Interpretation  
14.2  
Blowby Flow Rate  
14.3  
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP)  
14.4  
Fuel Consumption Rate  
14.5  
Oil Consumption  
14.6  
Engine Parts Replacement  
14.7  
Quality Index  
14.8  
Final Test Report  
15  
Report Forms  
15.1  
Precision and Bias  
16  
Keywords  
17  
ANNEXES  
ASTM TMC: Organization  
Annex A1  
ASTM TMC: Calibration Procedures  
Annex A2  
ASTM TMC: Maintenance Activities  
Annex A3  
ASTM TMC: Related Information  
Annex A4  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A5  
Control and Data Acquis...

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