ASTM D4693-07

Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method differentiates among greases having distinctly different low-temperature characteristics. This test is used for specification purposes and correlates with its precursor which has been used to predict the performance of greases in automotive wheel bearings in low-temperature service.4 It is the responsibility of the user to determine the correlation with other types of service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent to which a test grease retards the rotation of a specially-manufactured, spring-loaded, automotive-type wheel bearing assembly when subjected to low temperatures. Torque values, calculated from restraining-force determinations, are a measure of the viscous resistance of the grease. This test method was developed with greases giving torques of less than 35 Nm at 40C.
1.2 &si-value;
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2007
• ICS: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.G0 - Lubricating Grease

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4693-03 - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D6185-11(2017) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Binary Mixtures of Lubricating Greases
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D1478-20 - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing Grease
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D4950-22 - Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greases
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2007
• Referred By: ASTM F2489-06(2022) - Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2 Greases
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2007

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4693 – 07
Standard Test Method for
Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel
1
Bearings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* Comparison Techniques
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
to which a test grease retards the rotation of a specially-
E563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath
manufactured, spring-loaded, automotive-type wheel bearing
as a Reference Temperature
assembly when subjected to low temperatures. Torque values,
E585/E585M Specification for Compacted Mineral-
calculatedfromrestraining-forcedeterminations,areameasure
Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base Metal Thermocouple
of the viscous resistance of the grease. This test method was
Cable
developed with greases giving torques of less than 35 N·m
E608/E608M Specification for Mineral-Insulated, Metal-
at−40°C.
Sheathed Base Metal Thermocouples
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3
2.2 Military Standard:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
MIL-G-10924F Specification for Automotive and Artillery
standard.
2.3 Other Standard:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Anti-Friction Bearing ManufacturerAssoc. (AFBMA) Stan-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
dard19, 1974 (ANSI B.3.19-1975)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions:
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, n—a lubricating
2
grease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheel
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bearings at relatively high grease temperatures and bearing
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
speeds. D3527
Grease
3.1.2 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two
D1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.
Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone
D4175
Equipment
3.1.3 lubricating grease, n—a semi-fluid to solid product of
D3527 Test Method for Life Performance of Automotive
a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
Wheel Bearing Grease
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Thedispersionofthethickenerformsa
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by
Products, and Lubricants
surfacetensionandotherphysicalforces.Otheringredientsare
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
commonly included to impact special properties. D217
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
3.1.4 thickener, n—in lubricating grease, a substance com-
mometers
posed of finely-divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
to form the product’s structure.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The solid thickener can be fibers (such
as various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum
non-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, only
ProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD02.G0on
very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general
Lubricating Grease.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originally
requirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4693–03. DOI:
uniformly dispered, and capable of forming a relatively stable,
10.1520/D4693-07.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
the ASTM website. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4693 – 07
FIG. 1 Low-Temperature Torque Apparatus
exact configuration, the essential apparatus consists of a 1/3 hp electric
gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant. D217
motor connected to a gear reducer by means of a timing belt and pu
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D4693 –03 Designation: D 4693 – 07
Standard Test Method for
Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel
1
Bearings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method determinescovers the determination of the extent to which a test grease retards the rotation of a
specially-manufactured, spring-loaded, automotive-type wheel bearing assembly when subjected to low temperatures. Torque
values, calculated from restraining-force determinations, are a measure of the viscous resistance of the grease. This test method
was developed with greases giving torques of less than 35 N·m at−40°C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
D1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment
D3527 Test Method for Life Performance of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples byBy Comparison Techniques
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E563PracticeforPreparationandUseofFreezingPointReferenceBaths PracticeforPreparationandUseofanIce-PointBath
as a Reference Temperature
E585/E585M Specification for Compacted Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base-Metal Thermocouple Cable Specifica-
tion for Compacted Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base Metal Thermocouple Cable
E608/E608M Specification for Metal-Sheathed Base-Metal Thermocouples Specification for Mineral-Insulated, Metal-
Sheathed Base Metal Thermocouples
3
2.2 Military Standard:
MIL-G-10924F Specification for Automotive and Artillery
2.3 Other Standard:
Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturer Assoc. (AFBMA) Standard19, 1974 (ANSI B.3.19-1975)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, n— a lubricating grease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheel bearings
at relatively high grease temperatures and bearing speeds. D3527
3.1.2 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them. D4175
3.1.3 lubricating grease, n—a semi-fluid to solid product of a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The dispersion of the thickener forms a two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by surface
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G0 on
Lubricating Grease.
e1
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published January 2004. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4693–97 (2002) .
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4693–03.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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D4693–07
tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients are commonly included to impact special properties. D217
3.1.4 thickener, n—in lubricating grease, a substance composed of fine
...