iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D7406-20

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products

Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The performance characteristics of a drainage geosynthetic are directly related to the integrity under compressive loading. If the product is sensitive to compressive deformation, its flow capacity could be greatly reduced or even shut off completely.  
5.2 The deformation sensitivity of a candidate geosynthetic can be tested at field-simulated normal stress and potential tangential stresses.  
5.3 This test method does not evaluate the effect of deformation of a geotextile filter or adjacent membrane.  
5.4 Compression deformation, as it relates to reduction in flow capacity of a geosynthetic drainage product, is manufacturer and product specific. For example, a 10 % reduction in original thickness of a geonet made by Manufacturer A does not necessarily equal the same reduction in flow capacity as a 10 % reduction in thickness of the same or another type of geonet made by Manufacturer B.  
5.5 This deformation data has merit directly to the end user, because it can be easily interpreted to result in a reduction factor for compressive deformation.4 The reduction factor can then be used to derive an allowable flow rate.5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the unconfined compressive deformation (consolidation) characteristics of drainage geotextiles, geocomposites, geonets, or any other geosynthetic associated with drainage at a constant temperature, when subjected to a constant compressive stress.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use as an unconfined compressive performance deformation test only. For a detailed procedure on how to establish an index test, see EN ISO 25619-1. For performance tests, the specimen shall be subjected to the site-specific liquid, the site-specific stress (normal and potentially a tangential stress on the upper and parallel loading platen), or both.
Note 1: Results achieved from unconfined compressive performance deformation testing may differ from testing performed under confined conditions.  
1.3 Because of the changing nature of the geosynthetic industry and the wide variety of products already available, this particular test method may have to be slightly modified for unconfined compression deformation testing of some products.  
1.4 The values given in SI units are to be considered as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2019
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.02 - Endurance Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D4439-18 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
15-Apr-2018
Refers
ASTM D5261-10(2018) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Refers
ASTM D5199-12(2019) - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics
Effective Date
15-Jun-2019
Refers
ASTM D4439-15 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Refers
ASTM D4439-15a - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D2990-17 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D4439-17 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Aug-2017
Refers
ASTM D6364-06(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determining Short-Term Compression Behavior of Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM D7931/D7931M-21a - Standard Guide for Specifying Drainage Geocomposites
Effective Date
01-Jan-2020
Referred By
ASTM D5819-22 - Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of Geosynthetic Durability
Effective Date
01-Jan-2020

Buy Standard

ASTM D7406-20 - Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage ProductsASTM D7406-20 - Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM D7406-20 - Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview
REDLINE ASTM D7406-20 - Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage ProductsREDLINE ASTM D7406-20 - Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products
PreviousNext
Standard
REDLINE ASTM D7406-20 - Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7406 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant
1
Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7406; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method is used to determine the unconfined 2.1 ASTM Standards:
compressive deformation (consolidation) characteristics of A1030/A1030M Practice for Measuring Flatness Character-
drainage geotextiles, geocomposites, geonets, or any other istics of Steel Sheet Products
geosynthetic associated with drainage at a constant D2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural
temperature, when subjected to a constant compressive stress. Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
1.2 This test method is intended for use as an unconfined
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
compressive performance deformation test only. For a detailed
of Geosynthetics
procedure on how to establish an index test, see EN ISO
D5261 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of
25619-1. For performance tests, the specimen shall be sub-
Geotextiles
jected to the site-specific liquid, the site-specific stress (normal
D6364 Test Method for Determining Short-Term Compres-
and potentially a tangential stress on the upper and parallel
sion Behavior of Geosynthetics
loading platen), or both.
3
2.2 ISO Standard:
NOTE 1—Results achieved from unconfined compressive performance
EN ISO 25619-1 Geosynthetics—Determination of Com-
deformation testing may differ from testing performed under confined
pression Behavior—Part 1: Compressive Creep Properties
conditions.
1.3 Because of the changing nature of the geosynthetic 3. Terminology
industryandthewidevarietyofproductsalreadyavailable,this
3.1 For definitions related to geosynthetics, see Terminol-
particular test method may have to be slightly modified for
ogy D4439.
unconfined compression deformation testing of some products.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 The values given in SI units are to be considered as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
4.1 In this performance test method, a geosynthetic drain-
only.
age product is subjected to a sustained normal and potentially
tangential stress. Deformations of the specimen are recorded at
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
designated time intervals, and a graph is drawn.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 The specimen may be immersed in a site-specific water
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
or permeant, to simulate actual field conditions.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.3 For long-term testing, it is recommended that the test be
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
run for at least 1000 h. Seating times up to 10 000 h have been
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
used, if that longer time data is required.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.4 Deformation load (normal as well as potentially tangen-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tial) should reflect the actual field conditions.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.5 The test will be conducted at site-specific temperatures.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ance Properties. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2020. Published January 2020. Originally Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7406 – 07 (2012). Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
DOI: 10.1520/D7406-20. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 -----------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7406 − 07 (Reapproved 2012) D7406 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Time-Dependent (Creep)Compressive Deformation Under
1
Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7406; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is used to determine the unconfined compressive creep deformation (consolidation) characteristics of
drainage geotextiles, geocomposites, geonets, or any other geosynthetic associated with drainage at a constant temperature, when
subjected to a constant compressive stress.
1.2 This test method is intended for use as an unconfined compressive performance creepdeformation test only. For a detailed
procedure on how to establish an index test, see the EN standard 1897.ISO 25619-1. For performance tests, the specimen shall be
subjected to the site-specific liquid and/or liquid, the site-specific stress (normal and potentially shear stress).a tangential stress on
the upper and parallel loading platen), or both.
NOTE 1—Results achieved from unconfined compressive performance creep deformation testing may differ from testing performed under confined
conditions.
1.3 Because of the changing nature of the geosynthetic industry,industry and the wide variety of products already available, this
particular test method may have to be slightly modified for unconfined compression creepdeformation testing of some
products.products.
1.4 The values given in SI units are to be considered as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A1030/A1030M Practice for Measuring Flatness Characteristics of Steel Sheet Products
D2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics
D5261 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles
D5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Geosynthetics
D6364 Test Method for Determining Short-Term Compression Behavior of Geosynthetics
3
2.2 ENISO Standard:
EN 1897ISO 25619-1 Geosynthetics—Determination of Compression Behavior—Part 1: Compressive Creep Properties
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012Jan. 1, 2020. Published July 2012January 2020. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7406 – 07
(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D7406-07R12.10.1520/D7406-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7406 − 20
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions related to geosynthetics, see Terminology D4439.
3.2 For definitions related to creep, see Test Methods D2990 and D5262.
3.3 Definitions:
3.3.1 compressive creep, n—time-dependent deformation or compressive strain of a material subjected to a constant
compressive stress.
3.3.2 compressive creep rupture, n—failure by collapse of a mate
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D7106/D7106M-05(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard provides guidance to obtain data that is the most representative of the material’s characteristics and performance. To properly evaluate EPDM, tests should be performed in accordance with specific test methods and procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) geomembranes used in geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications.  
1.2 This guide includes test methods for three different types of EPDM geomembranes including: scrim-reinforced membranes, composite membranes, and smooth, nonreinforced membranes.  
1.3 The test methods are divided into three categories including manufacturing quality control, optional performance tests, and seam testing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6992-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5141-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment Retention Device

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, a silt barrier, or a silt curtain, for specific soil tested.  
5.2 This test method may be used for the design of the filtration component of a sediment retention device to meet requirements of regulatory agencies in filtering efficiency or flow rate for the specific soil tested.  
5.2.1 The designer can use this test method to determine the spacing between sediment retention devices.  
5.3 This test method is intended for performance evaluation, as the results will depend on the specific soil evaluated. Unless testing with the default soil is desired, it is recommended that the user or representative perform the test to pre-approve products, as sediment retention device manufacturers are not typically equipped to handle or test soil requirements.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of evaluating the filtration component of sediment retention devices with different soils under various conditions that simulate the conditions that exist in a sediment retention device installation. This test method may be used to simulate several storm events on the same sediment retention device specimen. Therefore, the number of times this test is repeated per specimen is dependent upon the user and the site conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and the flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, silt barrier, or inlet protector.  
1.1.1 The results are shown as a percentage for filtering efficiency and cubic metres per square metre per minute (m3/m2/min) or gallons per square foot per minute (gal/ft2/min) for flow rate.  
1.1.2 The filtering efficiency indicates the percent of sediment removed from sediment-laden water.  
1.1.3 The flow rate is the average rate of passage of the sediment-laden water through the filtration component of a sediment retention device.  
1.2 This test method requires several specialized pieces of equipment, such as an integrated water sampler and an analytical balance, or a vacuum filtration system. At the client’s discretion, the test soil is either a site-specific soil or a soil that is representative of a target default gradation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard, while the inch-pound units are provided for information. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7361-07(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the SIM decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.5 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in drainage applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on geonets made from high-density polyethylene. Additional testing on other materials is ongoing.  
5.4 R+H testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for compressive creep properties using the stepped isothermal method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic drainage materials such as HDPE geonet specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Ramp and hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial rapid compressive creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 This method can be used to establish the sustained load compressive creep characteristics of a geosynthetic that demonstrates a relationship between time-dependent behavior and temperature. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of compressive creep tests performed at 20 ± 1 °C and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term compressive creep behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4439-23b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7852-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of an Electrically Conductive Geotextile for Leak Location Surveys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 With the increased use of geomembranes as a barrier material to restrict liquid migration from one location to another, a need has been created for standardized tests by which the continuity of the installed geomembrane, including the seams, can be evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need whenever the subgrade soil is nonconductive, or a geomembrane is installed on a nonconductive material.  
5.2 The use of a suitably conductive geotextile installed between a nonconductive soil or material and the geomembrane will permit electrical leak location survey to be conducted.  
5.3 The compatibility of a conductive geotextile and leak location equipment shall be assessed for each leak location technique considered (covered or exposed, when applicable). A realistic small-scale test shall have been conducted by the supplier of geotextile and/or leak detection equipment to demonstrate their mutual compatibility for a given leak detection technique.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard practice describes standard procedures for using a conductive geotextile with electrical methods to locate leaks in exposed geomembranes and geomembranes covered with water or earth materials containing moisture.  
1.2 This standard practice provides guidance for the use of appropriate conductive geotextile used in leak location surveys on geomembranes. This guide includes all types of conductive geotextiles with sufficient conductivity for the particular electrical leak location method. A conductive geotextile is applicable to all types of geoelectric surveys when there is otherwise not a conductive layer under the geomembrane.  
1.3 This standard practice is intended to ensure that leak location surveys can always be performed with a reasonable level of certainty. This standard practice provides guidance for the use of appropriate conductive geotextiles used in leak location surveys on geomembranes.  
1.4 Leak location surveys can be used on nonconductive geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, other containment facilities, and building applications such as in parking garages, decks, and green roofs. The procedures are applicable for geomembranes made of nonconductive materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous material, and other electrically insulating materials. Leak location surveys involving conductive or partially conductive geomembranes are not within the scope of this document.  
1.5 Warning—The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location could use high voltages, resulting in the potential for electrical shock or electrocution. This hazard might be increased because operations might be conducted in or near water. In particular, a high voltage could exist between the water or earth material and earth ground, or any grounded conductor. These procedures are potentially VERY DANGEROUS, and can result in personal injury or death. Because of the high voltage that could be involved, and the shock or electrocution hazard, do not come in electrical contact with any leak unless the excitation power supply is turned off. The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location should be attempted only by qualified and experienced personnel. Appropriate safety measures must be taken to protect the leak location operators as well as other people at the site.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and...

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8490-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Pore Size Characteristics of Geotextiles Using an Optical Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significant opening size of geotextiles is usually determined using Test Method D4751, which involves sieving calibrated beads through specimens of the geotextile being evaluated. However, Test Method D4751 includes many risks of errors due to static electricity, precision of the glass beads, among other issues.5 This risk of error is even higher with knitted geotextiles which exhibit a very low tensile modulus. This test method is proposed as an alternate to Test Method D4751 using a nondestructive technique, where the stress conditions are controlled without manipulation of the specimen.  
5.2 This test method has been found to provide representative results for products exhibiting a planar structure, such as two-dimensional knits.  
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using ASTM D4751 Method A and this method, ASTM D4751 Method A shall be considered the referee method. However, data obtained using ASTM D4751 Method A should be reviewed considering the high risk of human error associated with the control of the stress condition of the geotextile.  
5.4 Equivalency with the other pore opening size determined using other standards (for example, ISO 12956 and CGSB 148.1 No. 10) can also be considered using adequate correlations with test results obtained with these standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore size characteristics of geotextiles using an optical method and image analysis.  
1.2 This method has been developed for determination of the Image Opening Size (IOS) of knitted geotextiles by image analysis. Other properties may be obtained based on the pore size distribution.  
1.3 The applicability of this test method must be assessed on a product-by-product basis, as it requires light to pass through its thickness to provide a useful observation. As a general rule, the tested product must be thin. Example of products which cannot be tested using this test method is thick needle-punched nonwoven and woven with a complex three-dimensional structure.  
1.4 This test method shows values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4533/D4533M-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of Geotextiles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The trapezoid tear method is a test that produces tension along a reasonably defined course such that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. The trapezoid tearing strength for woven fabrics is determined primarily by the properties of the yarns that are gripped in the clamps. In nonwoven fabrics, because the individual fibers are more or less randomly oriented and capable of some reorientation in the direction of the applied load, the maximum trapezoid tearing strength is reached when the resistance to further reorientation is greater than the force required to rupture one or more fibers simultaneously.  
5.2 The trapezoid tearing strength method is useful for estimating the relative tear resistance of different fabrics or different directions in the same fabric.  
5.3 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments; however, caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.3.1 may be advisable.  
5.3.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Student's t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is an index test used to measure the force required to continue or propagate a tear in woven or nonwoven geotextiles by the trapezoid method. While useful for quality control and acceptance testing, the trapezoid tear test does not provide all the information needed for all design applications and other test methods should be used.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile applications.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7864/D7864M-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Aperture Stability Modulus of Geogrids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The aperture stability modulus is a measure of the in-plane shear modulus, which is a function of other geogrid characteristics, most notably junction stability, flexural rib stiffness, and rib tensile modulus.  
5.2 The test data can be used in conjunction with interpretive methods to evaluate the geogrid aperture stability at various traffic loads and base/subgrade conditions.
Note 1: Aperture stability modulus is referenced in the FHWA Geosynthetics Design and Construction Guidelines (2008) as an input parameter for the design of geogrid-reinforced unpaved roads using punched and drawn biaxial geogrids. Geogrids of different manufacturing process and material composition may use this property in calibration and validation of their material within the associated design.  
5.3 This test method is not intended for routine acceptance testing of geogrid. This test method should be used to characterize geogrid intended for use in applications in which aperture stability is considered relevant.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the Aperture Stability Modulus of a geogrid. (The terms “Secant Aperture Stability Modulus,” “Torsional Rigidity Modulus,” “In-plane Shear Modulus,” and “Torsional Stiffness Modulus” have been used in the literature to describe this same property.)  
1.2 This test method is intended to determine the in-plane stability of a geogrid by clamping a center node and measuring the stiffness over an area of the geogrid. This test method is applicable for various types of geogrid.  
1.3 This test method is intended to provide characteristic properties for design. The test method was developed for pavement and subgrade improvement calibrated design methods requiring input of aperture stability modulus.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7737/D7737M-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Individual Geogrid Junction Strength

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This index test method is to be used to determine the strength of an individual junction in a geogrid product. The test is performed in isolation, while in service the junction is typically confined. Thus the results from this test method are not anticipated to be related to design performance.  
5.2 The value of junction strength can be used for manufacturing quality control, development of new products, or a general understanding of the in-isolation behavior of a particular geogrid’s junction (for example, in relation to handling during shipment and placement of the geogrid).  
5.3 This test method is applicable to geogrid products with essentially symmetrical orthogonal or non-orthogonal ribs, yarns, or straps, that is, geogrids which are composed of ribs, yarns, or straps that are entangled through weaving or knitting, welded, bonded, or formed through drawing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is an index test which provides a procedure for determining the strength of an individual geogrid junction, also called a node. The test is configured such that a single rib is pulled from its junction with a rib(s) transverse to the test direction to obtain the maximum force, or strength of the junction. The procedure allows for the use of two different clamps with the appropriate clamp selected to minimize the influence of the clamping mechanism on the specific type of geogrid to be tested.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off