ASTM D5747/D5747M-08(2013)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standard procedures for test programs investigating the chemical resistance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.
5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not a quantifiable term. This practice is intended to provide a basis of standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geomembrane. It should be recognized that chemical resistance is a user judgement evaluation and that this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the results obtained from test procedures contained in this practice. As a practice, this does not produce a test result.Note 1—This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for geotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners. Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced geomembranes.
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D5322 or Practice D5496, or both. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D5747/D5747M − 08 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of
Geomembranes to Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5747/D5747M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Units information was editorially corrected in June 2013.
1. Scope D412 Test Methods forVulcanized Rubber andThermoplas-
tic Elastomers—Tension
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of
D413 TestMethodsforRubberProperty—AdhesiontoFlex-
geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes,
ible Substrate
prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid
D624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vul-
wastes.
canized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced
D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
geomembranes.
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
Sheeting
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with
Practice D5322 or Practice D5496, or both. The scope of this D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for
unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples. D1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of
Plastic Film and Sheeting
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
scope of this practice.
Gradient Technique
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
ness
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
D3417 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalli-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
zation of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
(DSC) (Withdrawn 2004)
with the standard.
D3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the thalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Differential Scanning Calorimetry
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- olefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau- D4437 Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for De-
tionary statements are given in Section 7. termining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible
Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
2. Referenced Documents
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
2.1 ASTM Standards: D4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of Factory
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
Seams Used in Joining Manufactured Flexible Sheet
Geomembranes (Withdrawn 2008)
D4833/D4833M Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-
thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance
of Geomembranes and Related Products
Properties.
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally
of Geosynthetics
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5747 – 08. DOI:
10.1520/D5747_D5747M-08R13E01. D5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D5747/D5747M − 08 (2013)
Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to 3.3.2.1 Discussion—See Fig. 1 for the relationship between
Liquids sample, coupon, and specimen.
D5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulus
3.3.3 fabric-reinforced, adj—structurally reinforced mate-
for Polyethylene Geomembranes
rial made by incorporating geotextile.
D5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-
3.3.4 flood coating, n—the process of placing a layer(s) of
tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-
adhesive or polymer on the edges of cut, fabric-reinforced
stant Tensile Load Test
geomembranes in order to prevent exposure of the fabric to an
D5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-
environment.
thetics
3.3.5 plasticized, adj—having had a plasticizer added.
E793 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalliza-
tion by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.3.6 semi-crystalline, n—a solid that contains a mixture of
E794 Test Method for MeltingAnd CrystallizationTempera- both crystalline and amorphous regions.
tures By Thermal Analysis
3.3.7 tensile set, n—represents residual deformation which
F1251 Terminology Relating to Polymeric Biomaterials in
is partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching and
Medical and Surgical Devices (Withdrawn 2012)
retraction.
2.2 Government Standard:
4. Summary of Practice
EPA/600/2-88/052, Lining ofWaste Containment and Other
Impoundment Facilities
4.1 This practice defines test methods and procedures for
evaluating the resistance of geomembranes to liquid exposure
2.3 NSF Standard:
by monitoring physical and chemical properties of geomem-
NSF Standard 54, Flexible Membrane Liners
brane coupons immersed in a test liquid. The physical condi-
2.4 FTMS Standard:
tion of the geomembrane is monitored as a function of
FTMS 101C, Method 2031 Test Method for Preservation,
6 cumulative exposure time by means of dimensional
Packaging, and Package Materials: Test Procedures
measurements, and physical and chemical property tests.
3. Terminology
5. Significance and Use
3.1 For definitions of general terms used in this practice,
5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standard
refer to Terminology D883 and D4439.
procedures for test programs investigating the chemical resis-
3.2 Definitions:
tance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, or
3.2.1 elastomer, n—a macromolecular material that returns chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other
rapidly to approximately the initial dimensions and shape after
specifications required for the particular situation being ad-
substantial deformation by a weak stress and release of the dressed.
stress. (D907)
5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not a
3.2.2 elastomeric, adj—having the characteristics of an
quantifiableterm.Thispracticeisintendedtoprovideabasisof
elastomer. (C717)
standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the
chemicalresistanceofageomembrane.Itshouldberecognized
3.2.3 thermoplastic, n—a plastic that repeatedly can be
softened by heating and hardened by cooling through a
temperature range characteristic of the plastic, and that in the
softened state can be shaped by flow into articles by molding
or extrusion. (F1251)
3.2.4 plasticizer, n—asubstanceincorporatedintoamaterial
to increase its workability, flexibility, or distensibility. (D883)
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.3.1 chemical resistance, n—for geosynthetics, the extent
to which a material or product retains its as-manufactured
physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to im-
mersion or contact with a foreign substance.
3.3.2 coupon, n—a portion of a material or laboratory
sample from which multiple specimens can be taken for
testing.
Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5301 Shawnee
Rd., Alexandria, VA 22312, http://www.ntis.gov, PB-89-129670.
Available from NSF International, P.O. Box 130140, 789 N. Dixboro Rd.,Ann
Arbor, MI 48113-0140, http://www.nsf.org.
Available from IHS, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112, http://
www.global.ihs.com. FIG. 1 Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes
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D5747/D5747M − 08 (2013)
thatchemicalresistanceisauserjudgementevaluationandthat which accurate and repeatable measurements can be made. Cut
this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the specimensfromsheetstockusingadietoensureconsistencyof
resultsobtainedfromtestprocedurescontainedinthispractice. dimensions.
As a practice, this does not produce a test result.
2 2
NOTE3—Circularspecimens7.98cm [3.14in. ]havebeenfoundtobe
satisfactory for thickness, weight, and volatile loss measurements. The
NOTE 1—This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of
same individual specimen may be used for thickness, weight, and volatile
geomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for
loss measurements if desired.
geotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners.
Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under
9. Conditioning
investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the poten-
tially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
9.1 Conditioning—Condition samples at 21 6 2°C [70 6
4°F] and a relative humidity between 50 and 70 % for not less
6. Apparatus
than 40 h prior to weighing or baseline testing and immersion,
6.1 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to an accuracy
or combination thereof.
of 0.001 g.
10. Procedure
6.2 Dead Weight Micrometer(s), meeting the requirements
of Test Methods D638, D751,or D5199, or combination
10.1 Immerse the geomembrane in the test solution as
thereof, capable of measuring thicknesses to an accuracy of
specified in Practice D5322 or Practice D5496, or both.
0.0025 mm [0.0001 in.].
10.2 Immerse a sufficient number of coupons to perform the
6.3 Air Circulating Oven,capableofmaintainingatempera-
required testing for each of the immersion periods.
ture of 105 6 2°C.
10.3 Immerse additional pieces of geomembrane for weight
6.4 All other required equipment is specified in the refer-
changes, thickness changes, and volatile loss for each immer-
encedtestmethodstandards.Refertotheappropriatestandards
sion period. Record the weight of the specimens to an accuracy
for a description of the apparatus necessary to perform those
of at least 0.1 % of the specimen’s weight. Record the
tests.
thickness of the specimens to an accuracy of 0.0025 mm
[0.0001 in.].
7. Hazards
10.4 Remove a sufficient number of coupons at the pre-
7.1 Warning—The solutions used in this practice may
scribed test period for the required testing. Rinse each coupon
contain hazardous chemicals.Appropriate precautions must be
with deionized water and blot dry with water-absorbent,
taken when handling hazardous waste, chemicals, and the
lint-free paper towels to remove any visible liquid or solid
immersion solutions. Protective equipment suitable for the
residue on the coupon surface. Allow elevated temperature
chemicals being used must be worn by all personnel handling
coupons to cool to room temperature in a sample of immersion
or exposed to the chemicals. Particular care should be taken
fluid. Store coupons in an airtight container or bag with as little
when opening storage vessels at elevated temperatures due to
air as possible when not being used or tested in order to
theincreasedvolatilityoforganicsandtheincreasedactivityof
minimize moisture or volatile loss, or both. Keep cut speci-
acids and bases. Care must also be taken to prevent the spilling
mens in an airtight container between tests.
of hazardous materials and provisions must be made to clean
10.5 The tests to be performed on the geomembrane are
up any accidental spills which do occur.
listed in Sections 11 through 20 for each of the four types of
8. Sampling
geomembranes addressed by this practice. The tests consist of
required testing to be done on the geomembrane and recom-
8.1 Determine the number and dimensions of the test
mended testing to be performed at the discretion of the user.
specimens according to the requirements of the dimensional
Conduct recommended tests whenever possible as this data
measurements and physical/chemical property tests to be
willaidintheinterpretationofthefinaltestresults.Allthetests
performed, the duration of the immersion, and the number of
should be completed on the unexposed geomembrane as well
test intervals.
as on the exposed material after each test period. Test twice as
8.2 Sample in accordance with the respective test methods
many specimens as listed below on the unexposed material in
selected.
order to increase precision of baseline data.
8.3 Cut the geomembrane coupons so that they are repre-
10.6 Testing (except the extractables test) of the material
sentative of the geomembrane being evaluated. Discard cou-
exposed to the leachate must be done within 24 h of removal
pons that contain scratches or other imperfections that might
from the test solution.
affect the test results.
11. Required Testing, All Geomembranes
NOTE2—Sincerateofleachateabsorptionisafunctionofthicknessand
can have an impact on the test results, the geomembrane coupons should
11.1 Weight Change—After each period, remove three pre-
be as close in thickness as possible.
weighed pieces of geomembrane from the liquid, quickly blot
8.4 Mix the selected coupons in a random fashion and then
dry with water-absorbent, lint-free paper towels any visible
re-select coupons for the immersion and baseline testing.
liquid or solid residue on the specimen surface, and weigh to
8.5 Cut individual test specimens for thickness, weight, and the nearest 0.001 g. Calculate the percent weight change to the
volatile loss measurements. Specimens may be of any size for nearest 0.1 %.
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D5747/D5747M − 08 (2013)
NOTE4—Extracareshouldbetakentocompletelydrytexturedsurfaces should be considered with less importance than the other tensile proper-
to avoid an apparent increase in weight caused by residual surface ties.
moisture.
12.6 Hardness—Use Test Method D2240, Type D Durom-
11.2 Dimension Changes—Measure thickness as directed in
eter and test five specimens.
Test Methods D751, D638,or D5199 to the nearest 0.0025 mm
12.7 Extractables Content—Use the procedure inAppend
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