ASTM D4595-11

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The determination of the wide-width strip force − elongation properties of geotextiles provides design parameters for reinforcement type applications, for example design of reinforced embankments over soft subgrades, reinforced soil retaining walls, and reinforcement of slopes. When strength is not necessarily a design consideration, an alternative test method may be used for acceptance testing. Test Method D 4595 for the determination of the wide-width strip tensile properties of geotextiles may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete (Note 7). Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D 4595 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
Most geotextiles can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given geotextile depending upon its structure. Special clamping adaptions may be necessary with strong geotextiles or geotextiles made from glass...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile application.
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip method are included.
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the specimen. This width, by contrast, is greater than the length of the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2011
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.01 - Mechanical Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4595-09 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6213-17 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geogrids to Liquids
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6389-17 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geotextiles to Liquids
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D8102-17 - Standard Practice for Manufacturing Quality Control of Geotextiles
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6916-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength Between Segmental Concrete Units (Modular Concrete Blocks)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D4884/D4884M-22 - Standard Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of Geotextiles
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D5262-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Unconfined Tension Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Planar Geosynthetics Used for Reinforcement Purposes
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6388-18 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geonets to Liquids
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6992-16(2023) - Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D4439-23b - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6460-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP) Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6685-01(2015) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Fabrics Used for Fabric Formed Concrete (FFC)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D8105-18 - Standard Guide for Use and Application of Geosynthetic Reinforcement Reduction Factor Test Results
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6455-11(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E2777-20 - Standard Guide for Vegetative (Green) Roof Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4595 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip
1
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4595; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
D579Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen
D2905Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for
tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotex-
3
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
tiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile
application.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n.—air maintained at
strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions
arelativehumidityof65 65%andatemperatureof21 62°C
for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant
(70 6 4°F).
modulus, and breaking toughness.
−1 −2
3.2 breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n.—for
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both
geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of
conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip
material.
method are included.
3.2.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to
the area under the force−elongation curve from the origin to
1.4 Thebasicdistinctionbetweenthistestmethodandother
the breaking point (see also work-to-break). Breaking tough-
methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of
ness is calculated from work-to-break, gage length, and width
the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications
of a specimen.
have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the
gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified
3.3 corresponding force, F , n.—theforceassociatedwitha
c
in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those
specific elongation on the force-per-unit-width strain curve.
fabricsandprovidesacloserrelationshiptoexpectedgeotextile
(Syn. load at specified elongation, LASE.)
behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
3.4 geotechnical engineering, n.—the engineering applica-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tion of geotechnics.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.5 geotechnics, n.—the application of scientific methods
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
and use of knowledge of materials of the earth’s crust to the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
solution of engineering problems.
3.5.1 Discussion—Geotechnics embraces the fields of soil
2. Referenced Documents
mechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineering
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
aspects of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sci-
D76Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
ences.
3.6 geotextile, n.—any permeable textile material used with
1 foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engi-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
GeosyntheticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.01onMechani- neering related material, as an integral part of a man-made
cal Properties.
project, structure, or system.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published March 2009. Originally
−1 −1
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4595 – 09. DOI: 3.7 initial tensile modulus, J , (FL ), Nm , n.—for
i
10.1520/D4595-11.
geotextiles, the ratio of the change in tensile force per unit
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4595 − 11
width to a change in strain (slope) of the initial portion of a extension, applying a longitudinal force to the specimen until
force per unit width strain curve. the specimen ruptures. Tensile strength, elongation, initial and
−1 −1 secant mo
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4595–09 Designation:D4595–11
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip
1
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4595; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen tensile
method. This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knit
fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile application.
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions for the
calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip method are
included.
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the
specimen. This width, by contrast, is greater than the length of the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have
a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test
method minimizes the contraction effect of those fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the
field and a standard comparison.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for Textiles
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
3. Terminology
3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n.—air maintained at a relative humidity of 65 6 5% and a temperature of 21 6 2°C
(70 6 4°F).
−1 −2
3.2 breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n.—for geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.
3.2.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to the area under the force−elongation curve from the origin to the
breaking point (see also work-to-break). Breaking toughness is calculated from work-to-break, gage length, and width of a
specimen.
3.3 corresponding force, F ,n.—the force associated with a specific elongation on the force-per-unit-width strain curve. (Syn.
c
load at specified elongation, LASE.)
3.4 geotechnical engineering, n.—the engineering application of geotechnics.
3.5 geotechnics, n.—the application of scientific methods and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation, and use
of knowledge of materials of the earth’s crust to the solution of engineering problems.
3.5.1 Discussion—Geotechnics embraces the fields of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineering aspects of
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD35onGeosyntheticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.01onMechanicalProperties.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009.Oct. 1, 2011. Published March 2009. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20052009 as D4595 – 05.09.
DOI: 10.1520/D4595-09.10.1520/D4595-11.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4595–11
geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sciences.
3.6 geotextile, n.—any permeable textile material used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering
related material, as an integral part of a man-made project, structure, or system.
−1 −1
3.7 initial tensile modulus, J , (FL ), Nm , n.—for geotextiles, the rati
...