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ASTM D4212-10

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups

Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Viscosity is a measure of the fluidity of a material. Viscosity data are useful in the determination of the ease of stirring, pumping, dip coating, or other flow-related properties of paints and related fluids.
This type of cup is used to measure viscosity because it is easy to use, robust, and may be used in tanks, reservoirs, and reactors.
There are other types of apparatus for measuring viscosity in the laboratory that provide better precision and bias, including the Ford viscosity cup (Test Method D1200), and the Brookfield viscometer (Test Methods D2196).
Certain higher shear rate devices such as cone/plate viscometers (Test Method D4287) provide more information about sprayability, roll coatability, and other high-shear rate related properties of coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of viscosity of paints, varnishes, lacquers, inks, and related liquid materials by dip-type viscosity cups. This test method is recommended for viscosity control work within one plant or laboratory and should be used to check compliance with specifications only when sufficient controls have been instituted to ensure adequate comparability of results.
1.2 Viscosity cups are designed for testing of Newtonian and near-Newtonian liquids. If the test material is non-Newtonian, for example, shear-thinning or thixotropic, another method, such as Test Methods D2196, should be used. Under controlled conditions, comparisons of the viscosity of non-newtonian materials may be helpful, but viscosity determination methods using controlled shear rate or shear stress are preferred.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2010
ICS
17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.24 - Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4212-99(2005) - Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010
Replaced By
ASTM D4212-10(2014) - Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups
Effective Date
01-Dec-2014
Referred By
ASTM D6577-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Protective Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010
Referred By
ASTM D5498-12a(2018) - Standard Guide for Developing a Training Program for Personnel Performing Coating and Lining Work Inspection for Nuclear Facilities
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010
Referred By
ASTM F3208-20 - Standard Guide for Selecting Test Soils for Validation of Cleaning Methods for Reusable Medical Devices
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010
Referred By
ASTM D6763-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010
Referred By
ASTM D3276-21 - Standard Guide for Painting Inspectors (Metal Substrates)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010
Referred By
ASTM D8020-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Freeze-Thaw Viscosity Stability of Water-Based Inks and Ink Vehicles
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010
Referred By
ASTM D3794-22 - Standard Guide for Testing Coil Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010

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ASTM D4212-10 - Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity CupsASTM D4212-10 - Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups
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ASTM D4212-10 - Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4212 − 10
StandardTest Method for
1
Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4212; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1.1 This test method covers the determination of viscosity
3. Terminology
of paints, varnishes, lacquers, inks, and related liquid materials
3.1 Definitions:
by dip-type viscosity cups. This test method is recommended
3.1.1 near-Newtonian liquid, n—a liquid in which the varia-
for viscosity control work within one plant or laboratory and
tion of viscosity with shear rate is small and the effect on
should be used to check compliance with specifications only
viscosity of mechanical disturbances such as stirring is negli-
when sufficient controls have been instituted to ensure ad-
gible.
equate comparability of results.
3.1.2 Newtonian liquid, n—a liquid in which the viscosity is
1.2 Viscosity cups are designed for testing of Newtonian
independent of the shear stress or shear rate. If the ratio of
and near-Newtonian liquids. If the test material is non-
shear stress to shear rate is not constant, the liquid is non-
Newtonian, for example, shear-thinning or thixotropic, another
Newtonian.
method, such as Test Methods D2196, should be used. Under
controlled conditions, comparisons of the viscosity of non-
4. Summary of Test Method
newtonian materials may be helpful, but viscosity determina-
tion methods using controlled shear rate or shear stress are 4.1 The cup is completely immersed in the material to be
preferred.
tested,withdrawn,andthetimeforthematerialtoflowthrough
a hole in the base of the cup is measured.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
5. Significance and Use
only.
5.1 Viscosity is a measure of the fluidity of a material.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Viscosity data are useful in the determination of the ease of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
stirring, pumping, dip coating, or other flow-related properties
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of paints and related fluids.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.2 This type of cup is used to measure viscosity because it
is easy to use, robust, and may be used in tanks, reservoirs, and
2. Referenced Documents
reactors.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.3 There are other types of apparatus for measuring vis-
D1200 Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup
cosity in the laboratory that provide better precision and bias,
D2196 Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-
including the Ford viscosity cup (Test Method D1200), and the
Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield type)
Brookfield viscometer (Test Methods D2196).
Viscometer
5.4 Certain higher shear rate devices such as cone/plate
D4287 Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/
viscometers (Test Method D4287) provide more information
Plate Viscometer
about sprayability, roll coatability, and other high-shear rate
related properties of coatings.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
6. Apparatus
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and Paint Materials.
6.1 Zahn Viscosity Cup—No. 1 through No. 5 Zahn viscos-
Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approved
ity cups made of corrosion- and solvent-resistant materials.
in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D4212 – 99 (2005). DOI:
10.1520/D4212-10.
The nominal capacity of the cup is 44 mL, but may vary from
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
43 to 49 mL, depending on the manufacturer. A diagram of a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ZahncupisgiveninFig.1.Thedimensions,includingorifices,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. are only approximate because the cups are not made to a
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4212 − 10
NOTE 1—Dimensions are approximate only and may vary with the manufacturer and from batch to batch
FIG. 1 Zahn Cup Nominal Dimensions
3
uniform specification. Each manufactur
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity is a measure of the fluidity of a material. Viscosity data are useful in the determination of the ease of stirring, pumping, dip coating, or other flow-related properties of paints and related fluids.  
5.2 This type of cup is used to measure viscosity because it is easy to use, robust, and may be used in tanks, reservoirs, and reactors.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of viscosity of paints, varnishes, lacquers, inks, and related liquid materials by dip-type viscosity cups. This test method is recommended for viscosity control work within one plant or laboratory and should be used to check compliance with specifications only when sufficient controls have been instituted to ensure adequate comparability of results.  
1.2 Viscosity cups are designed for testing of Newtonian and near-Newtonian liquids. If the test material is non-Newtonian, for example, shear-thinning or thixotropic, another method, such as Test Methods D2196, should be used. Under controlled conditions, comparisons of the viscosity of non-newtonian materials may be helpful, but viscosity determination methods using controlled shear rate or shear stress are preferred.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A significant feature of this practice is the ability to survey coating rheology over a broad range of shear rates with the same bench viscometers and test protocol that paint formulators and paint quality control (QC) analysts routinely use. By using this procedure, measurement of the shear rheology of a coating is possible without using an expensive laboratory rheometer, and performance predictions can be made based on those measurements.  
5.2 Low-Shear Viscosity (LSV)—The determination of low-shear viscosity in this practice can be used to predict the relative “in-can” performance of coatings for their ability to suspend pigment or prevent syneresis, or both. The LSV can also predict relative performance for leveling and sag resistance after application by roll, brush or spray. Fig. 1 shows the predictive low-shear viscosity relationships for several coatings properties.
FIG. 1 Low Shear Viscosity (LSV)  
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1.1 This practice describes a popular industry protocol for the rheological characterization of waterborne architectural coatings using three commonly used rotational bench viscometers. Each viscometer operates in a different shear rate regime for determination of coating viscosity at low shear rate, mid shear rate, and at high shear rate respectively as defined herein. General guidelines are provided for predicting some coating performance properties from the viscosity measurements made. With appropriate correlations and subsequent modification of the performance guidelines, this practice has potential for characterization of other types of aqueous and non-aqueous coatings.  
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5.1 Shipping regulations often require the identification of a material as either a liquid or a solid. This test method may be used to make that determination for regulatory purposes. (See also Test Method D4359.)  
5.2 For liquid thermosetting resin, as cure progresses, the liquid resin becomes a solid. A thermosetting resin is more easily worked or shaped while in the liquid-like form and becomes more difficult to do so as the cure advances. The point at which the solid-like character becomes dominant is called the gel point and is considered to be the end of the period where the thermosetting resin is workable. Gel point is identified as that point where tan δ = 1 as determined in Test Method D4473.
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ASTM D4212-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity is a measure of the fluidity of a material. Viscosity data are useful in the determination of the ease of stirring, pumping, dip coating, or other flow-related properties of paints and related fluids.  
5.2 This type of cup is used to measure viscosity because it is easy to use, robust, and may be used in tanks, reservoirs, and reactors.  
5.3 There are other types of apparatus for measuring viscosity in the laboratory that provide better precision and bias, including the Ford viscosity cup (Test Method D1200), and the rotational viscometer (Test Methods D2196).  
5.4 Certain higher shear rate devices such as cone/plate viscometers (Test Method D4287) provide more information about sprayability, roll coatability, and other high-shear rate related properties of coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of viscosity of paints, varnishes, lacquers, inks, and related liquid materials by dip-type viscosity cups. This test method is recommended for viscosity control work within one plant or laboratory and should be used to check compliance with specifications only when sufficient controls have been instituted to ensure adequate comparability of results.  
1.2 Viscosity cups are designed for testing of Newtonian and near-Newtonian liquids. If the test material is non-Newtonian, for example, shear-thinning or thixotropic, another method, such as Test Methods D2196, should be used. Under controlled conditions, comparisons of the viscosity of non-newtonian materials may be helpful, but viscosity determination methods using controlled shear rate or shear stress are preferred.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8263/D8263M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Change in Mass of Rolled Erosion Control Products When Submerged in Water

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5.5 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of RECPs. Comparative tests as directed in 5.6 may be advisable.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the change in mass of a rolled erosion control product when specimens are submerged in water for a prescribed period of time. The change in mass is reported as a percentage of the original dry mass of the specimen.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbf) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for t...

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