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ASTM E1184-02

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Electrothermal (Graphite Furnace) Atomic Absorption Analysis

Standard Practice for Electrothermal (Graphite Furnace) Atomic Absorption Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended for spectroscopists who are attempting to establish electrothermal atomic absorption procedures. Used in conjunction with Practice E 663, it should be helpful for establishing a complete atomic absorption analysis program.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the determination of microgram per milliliter (μg/mL) or lower concentrations of elements in solution using an electrothermal atomization device attached to an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A general description of the equipment is provided. Recommendations are made for preparing the instrument for measurements, establishing optimum temperature conditions and other criteria which should result in determining a useful calibration concentration range, and measuring and calculating the test solution analyte concentration.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 9.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-2002
ICS
71.040.50 - Physicochemical methods of analysis
Technical Committee
E01 - Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
Drafting Committee
E01.20 - Fundamental Practices
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1184-98 - Standard Practice for Electrothermal (Graphite Furnace) Atomic Absorption Analysis
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8207-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Metals in Purified Terephthalic Acid (PAT) by Atomic Absorption (AA) Spectrometry (Withdrawn 2023)
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM A1095-15(2019) - Standard Specification for High-Silicon Molybdenum Ferritic Iron Castings
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1852-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Antimony in Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM A751-21 - Standard Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1770-19 - Standard Practice for Optimization of Instrumentation for Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D5544-16 - Standard Test Method for On-Line Measurement of Residue After Evaporation of High-Purity Water
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM F1581-08(2020) - Standard Specification for Composition of Anorganic Bone for Surgical Implants
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002

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ASTM E1184-02 - Standard Practice for Electrothermal (Graphite Furnace) Atomic Absorption AnalysisASTM E1184-02 - Standard Practice for Electrothermal (Graphite Furnace) Atomic Absorption Analysis
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ASTM E1184-02 - Standard Practice for Electrothermal (Graphite Furnace) Atomic Absorption Analysis
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1184–02
Standard Practice for
Electrothermal (Graphite Furnace) Atomic Absorption
1
Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1184; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E416 Practice for Planning and Safe Operation of a Spec-
3
trochemical Laboratory
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the determination
E663 Practice for Flame Atomic Absorption Analysis
of microgram per millilitre (µg/mL) or lower concentrations of
E863 Practice for Describing Atomic Absorption Spectro-
elements in solution using an electrothermal atomization de-
3
metric Equipment
vice attached to an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A
general description of the equipment is provided. Recommen-
3. Terminology
dations are made for preparing the instrument for measure-
3.1 Refer to Terminology E131 and E135 for the definition
ments, establishing optimum temperature conditions and other
of terms used in this practice.
criteria which should result in determining a useful calibration
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
concentration range, and measuring and calculating the test
3.2.1 atomization—theformationofgroundstateatomsthat
solution analyte concentration.
absorb radiation from a line emission source (see Practice
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E663). The atomization process in electrothermal atomic
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
absorption analysis is covered in greater detail in 6.2.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2 pyrolysis—the process of heating a specimen to a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
temperature high enough to remove or alter its original matrix,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety
butnotsohighastovolatilizetheelementtobemeasured.The
hazard statements are given in Section 9.
purpose of the pyrolysis step in electrothermal atomic absorp-
NOTE 1—This practice is a companion to Practice E663.
tionanalysisistoremoveoraltertheoriginalspecimenmatrix,
thereby reducing or eliminating possible interferences to the
2. Referenced Documents
formation of ground state atoms that are formed when the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
temperature is increased during the atomization step. Many
E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid-
publications and references will refer to pyrolysis as charring
erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and
or ashing.
Related Materials
3.2.3 pyrolytic graphite coating—alayerofpyrolyticgraph-
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
ite that coats a graphite tube used in electrothermal atomic
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
absorption analysis. Pyrolytic graphite is formed by pyrolizing
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
a hydrocarbon, for example, methane, at 2000°C.
E406 Practice for Using Controlled Atmospheres in Spec-
3.2.4 ramping—a slow, controlled increase of the tempera-
trochemical Analysis
ture in the graphite tube. Ramping will provide for an efficient
but not too rapid removal or decomposition of the specimen
1
matrix. Most electrothermal atomizers allow for ramping
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E01 onAnalytical
ChemistryforMetals,Ores,andRelatedMaterialsandisthedirectresponsibilityof
duringthedrying,pyrolysis,andatomizationsteps.Itisusually
Subcommittee E01.20 on Fundamental Practices.
employed during the drying and pyrolysis steps. However,
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published June 2003. Originally
some instrument manufacturers may recommend ramping
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E1184–98. DOI:
during the atomization step depending on the specimen matrix
10.1520/E1184-02.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1184–02
and the element being measured (for example, the analysis of produced within the graphite tube. Also, small amounts of
cadmiumorleadinhairorblood).Thepowersuppliesformost particular matter in the furnace contribute to the background
instruments also allow the rate of the t
...

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ASTM E135-23a(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in all standards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials. The definitions should be used uniformly and consistently. The purpose of these definitions is to promote clear understanding and interpretation of the standards in which the terms are used.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used in analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials. Terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources are either not included or their sources are identified.  
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a discussion.  
1.3 The date of last reapproval or revision of a term is in parentheses at the end of the definition.  
1.4 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the name of the organization and the identifying document or ASTM committee and standard.  
1.5 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emission spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductory phrase.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1806-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination of Chemical Composition

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers all aspects of sampling and preparing steel and iron for chemical analysis as defined in Test Methods, Practices, and Definitions A751 and Specification A48/A48M. Such subjects as sampling location and the sampling of lots are defined.  
4.2 This practice includes most requirements for sampling steel and iron for analysis. Standard test methods that reference this practice need contain only special modifications and exceptions.  
4.3 All who use these procedures should be trained samplers capable of performing common sampling operations skillfully and safely. Only proper sampling equipment should be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of all grades of steel, both cast and wrought, and all types (grades) of cast irons and blast furnace iron for chemical and spectrochemical determination of composition. This practice is similar to ISO 14284.  
1.2 This practice is divided into the following sections.    
Sections  
Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation  
6  
General  
6.1  
Sample  
6.2  
Selection of a Sample  
6.3  
Preparation of a Sample  
6.4  
Liquid Iron for Steelmaking and Pig Iron Production  
7  
General  
7.1  
Spoon Sampling  
7.2  
Probe Sampling  
7.3  
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis  
7.4  
Liquid Iron for Cast Iron Production  
8  
General  
8.1  
Spoon Sampling  
8.2  
Probe Sampling  
8.3  
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis  
8.4  
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination of  
8.5  
Oxygen and Hydrogen  
Liquid Steel for Steel Production  
9  
General  
9.1  
Probe Sampling  
9.2  
Spoon Sampling  
9.3  
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis  
9.4  
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination  
9.5  
of Oxygen  
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination  
9.6  
of Hydrogen  
Pig Irons  
10  
General  
10.1  
Increment Sampling  
10.2  
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis  
10.3  
Cast Iron Products  
11  
General  
11.1  
Sampling and Sample Preparation  
11.2  
Sections  
Steel Products  
12  
General  
12.1  
Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for  
12.2  
Analysis from a Cast Product  
Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for  
12.3  
Analysis from a Wrought Product  
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis  
12.4  
Sampling of Leaded Steel  
12.5  
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination  
12.6  
of Oxygen  
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination  
12.7  
of Hydrogen  
Keywords  
13  
Annexes  
Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Iron and Steel  
Annex A1  
Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Steel for the  
Annex A2  
Determination of Hydrogen  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific statements, see 6.4.3.5, 9.4.4.3, 12.5.1, and Section 5.  
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ASTM E1999-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Analysis of Cast Iron by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The chemical composition of cast iron alloys shall be determined accurately in order to ensure the desired metallurgical properties. This procedure is suitable for manufacturing control and inspection testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the analysis of cast iron by spark atomic emission spectrometry for the following elements in the ranges shown (Note 1):
Ranges, %  
Elements  
Applicable Range, %  
Quantitative Range, %A  
Carbon  
1.9 to 3.8  
1.90 to 3.8  
Chromium  
0 to 2.0  
0.025 to 2.0  
Copper  
0 to 0.75  
0.015 to 0.75  
Manganese  
0 to 1.8  
0.03 to 1.8  
Molybdenum  
0 to 1.2  
0.01 to 1.2  
Nickel  
0 to 2.0  
0.02 to 2.0  
Phosphorus  
0 to 0.4  
0.005 to 0.4  
Silicon  
0 to 2.5  
0.15 to 2.5  
Sulfur  
0 to 0.08  
0.01 to 0.08  
Tin  
0 to 0.14  
0.004 to 0.14  
Titanium  
0 to 0.12  
0.003 to 0.12  
Vanadium  
0 to 0.22  
0.008 to 0.22
Note 1: The ranges of the elements listed have been established through cooperative testing of reference materials. These ranges can be extended by the use of suitable reference materials.  
1.2 This test method covers analysis of specimens having a diameter adequate to overlap the bore of the spark stand opening (to effect an argon seal). The specimen thickness should be sufficient to prevent overheating during excitation. A heat sink backing may be used. The maximum thickness is limited only by the height that the stand will permit.  
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ASTM E1621-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Elemental Analysis by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

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5.1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry can provide an accurate determination of metallic and many non-metallic elements in a wide variety of solid and liquid materials. This guide covers the information that should be included in an X-ray spectrometric analytical method and provides direction to the user for determining the optimum conditions needed to achieve acceptable accuracy.  
5.2 The accuracy of a determination is a function of the calibration algorithm, the sample preparation, and the sample homogeneity. Close attention to all aspects of these areas is necessary to achieve acceptable results.  
5.3 All concepts discussed in this guide are explored in detail in a number of published texts and in the scientific literature.
SCOPE
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1.1 This guide describes procedures for the validation of chemical and spectrochemical analytical test methods that are used by a metals, ores, and related materials analysis laboratory.  
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ASTM E2371-21a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Direct Current Plasma and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (Performance-Based Test Methodology)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for the chemical analysis of titanium and titanium alloys is primarily intended to test material for compliance with specifications of chemical composition such as those under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B10. It may also be used to test compliance with other specifications that are compatible with the test method.  
5.2 It is assumed that all who use this test method will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely and that the work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.  
5.3 This is a performance-based test method that relies more on the demonstrated quality of the test result than on strict adherence to specific procedural steps. It is expected that laboratories using this test method will prepare their own work instructions. These work instructions will include detailed operating instructions for the specific laboratory, the specific reference materials used, and performance acceptance criteria. It is also expected that, when applicable, each laboratory will participate in proficiency test programs, such as described in Practice E2027, and that the results from the participating laboratory will be satisfactory.
SCOPE
1.1 This method describes the analysis of titanium and titanium alloys, such as specified by committee B10, by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry (DCP-AES) for the following elements:    
Element  
Application
Range (wt.%)  
Quantitative
Range (wt.%)  
Aluminum  
0–8  
0.009 to 8.0  
Boron  
0–0.04  
0.0008 to 0.01  
Cobalt  
0-1  
0.006 to 0.1  
Chromium  
0–5  
0.005 to 4.0  
Copper  
0–0.6  
0.004 to 0.5  
Iron  
0–3  
0.004 to 3.0  
Manganese  
0–0.04  
0.003 to 0.01  
Molybdenum  
0–8  
0.004 to 6.0  
Nickel  
0–1  
0.001 to 1.0  
Niobium  
0-6  
0.008 to 0.1  
Palladium  
0-0.3  
0.02 to 0.20  
Ruthenium  
0-0.5  
0.004 to 0.10  
Silicon  
0–0.5  
0.02 to 0.4  
Tantalum  
0-1  
0.01 to 0.10  
Tin  
0–4  
0.02 to 3.0  
Tungsten  
0-5  
0.01 to 0.10  
Vanadium  
0–15  
0.01 to 15.0  
Yttrium  
0–0.04  
0.001 to 0.004  
Zirconium  
0–5  
0.003 to 4.0  
1.2 This test method has been interlaboratory tested for the elements and ranges specified in the quantitative range part of the table in 1.1. It may be possible to extend this test method to other elements or broader mass fraction ranges as shown in the application range part of the table above provided that test method validation is performed that includes evaluation of method sensitivity, precision, and bias. Additionally, the validation study shall evaluate the acceptability of sample preparation methodology using reference materials or spike recoveries, or both. Guide E2857 provides information on validation of analytical methods for alloy analysis.  
1.3 Because of the lack of certified reference materials (CRMs) containing bismuth, hafnium, and magnesium, these elements were not included in the scope or the interlaboratory study (ILS). It may be possible to extend the scope of this test method to include these elements provided that method validation includes the evaluation of method sensitivity, precision, and bias during the development of the testing method.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazards statements are given in Section 9.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principle...

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ASTM E1898-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Silver in Copper Concentrates by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the primary metallurgical processes used by the mineral processing industry for copper bearing ores, copper and silver associated with sulfide mineralization are concentrated by the process of flotation for recovery of the metals.  
5.2 This test method is a comparative method and is intended to be a referee method for compliance with compositional specifications for metal content or to monitor processes.  
5.3 It is assumed that all who use this method will be trained analysts capable of performing skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures will be followed. Appropriate quality control practices must be followed such as those described in Guide E882.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of silver in the range of 13 μg/g to 500 μg/g by acid dissolution of the silver and measurement by atomic absorption spectrometry. Copper concentrates are internationally traded within the following content ranges:    
Element  
Unit  
Content Range  
Aluminum  
%  
0.05  
to  
2.50  
Antimony  
%  
0.0001  
to  
4.50  
Arsenic  
%  
0.01  
to  
0.50  
Barium  
%  
0.003  
to  
0.10  
Bismuth  
%  
0.001  
to  
0.16  
Cadmium  
%  
0.0005  
to  
0.04  
Calcium  
%  
0.05  
to  
4.00  
Carbon  
%  
0.10  
to  
0.90  
Chlorine  
%  
0.001  
to  
0.006  
Chromium  
%  
0.0001  
to  
0.10  
Cobalt  
%  
0.0005  
to  
0.20  
Copper  
%  
10.0  
to  
44.0  
Fluorine  
%  
0.001  
to  
0.10  
Gold  
μg/g  
1.40  
to  
100.0  
Iron  
%  
12.0  
to  
30.0  
Lead  
%  
0.01  
to  
1.40  
Magnesium  
%  
0.02  
to  
2.00  
Manganese  
%  
0.009  
to  
0.10  
Mercury  
μg/g  
0.05  
to  
50.0  
Molybdenum  
%  
0.002  
to  
0.25  
Nickel  
%  
0.0001  
to  
0.08  
Silicon  
%  
0.40  
to  
20.0  
Silver  
μg/g  
18.0  
to  
8000  
Sulfur  
%  
10.0  
to  
36.0  
Tin  
%  
0.004  
to  
0.012  
Zinc  
%  
0.005  
to  
4.30  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1805-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Gold in Copper Concentrates by Fire Assay Gravimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the metallurgical process used in the mining industries, gold is often carried along with copper during the flotation concentration process. Metallurgical accounting, process control, and concentrate evaluation procedures for this type of material depend on an accurate, precise measurement of the gold in the copper concentrate. This test method is intended to be a reference method for metallurgical laboratories and a referee method to settle disputes in commercial transactions. It is also a definitive method intended to test materials for compliance with compositional specifications and to provide data for certification of reference materials. It is essential that each performance of the method be validated by applying it to appropriate reference materials at the same time and in the same manner as it is applied to the unknowns.  
5.2 It is assumed that all who use this test method will be trained analysts capable of performing skillfully and safely. It is expected that the work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory under appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for the determination of gold in copper concentrates in the content range from 0.2 μg/g to 17 μg/g.
Note 1: The lower scope limit is set in accordance with Practice E1601.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 11.3.1, 11.5.4, and 11.6.5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E508-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Iron Ores by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended as a referee method for compliance with compositional specifications for impurity content. It is assumed that all who use this procedure will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory practices skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures will be followed. Follow appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of calcium and magnesium in iron ores, concentrates, and agglomerates in the mass fraction (%) range from 0.05 % to 5 % of calcium and 0.05 % to 3 % of magnesium.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E507-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Aluminum in Iron Ores by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended as a referee method for compliance with compositional specifications for impurity content. It is assumed that all who use this procedure will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory practices skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures will be followed. Follow appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of aluminum in iron ores, concentrates, and agglomerates in the mass fraction (%) range from 0.1 to 5.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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