ASTM E2523-13(2018)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to metalworking fluid management and plant environment health and safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.
3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single document, a compilation of definitions used by personnel involved with both metalworking environment health and safety and fluid management.
3.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard will enable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms in the appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinary communications.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in the metalworking industry.
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather, it defines terms relevant to metalworking fluid management and metalworking fluid health and safety.
1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalworking operations, fluid types, and other terms germane to the practice of metalworking fluid management.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2523 − 13 (Reapproved 2018) An American National Standard
Standard Terminology for
Metalworking Fluids and Operations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-
ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in
Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
the metalworking industry.
E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an
of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
exhaustive lexicon. Rather, it defines terms relevant to metal-
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
working fluid management and metalworking fluid health and
Wet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)
safety.
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-
dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalwork-
ing operations, fluid types, and other terms germane to the Atmospheres
E2148 GuideforUsingDocumentsRelatedtoMetalworking
practice of metalworking fluid management.
or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
formance
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
E2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Myco-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
bacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Method
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metal-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
working Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Method
E2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-
2. Referenced Documents
tions in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Metal Removal Fluid Environment
Atmospheres
E2694 Test Method for Measurement ofAdenosine Triphos-
D2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related
phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Materials
2.2 Government Standards:
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
29 CFR 1910.1200 Occupational Safety and Health
Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
Standards, Hazard Communication
D7049 Test Method for Metalworking Fluid Aerosol in
40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and
Workplace Atmospheres
Devices
3. Significance and Use
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on
3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to
Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
metalworking fluid management and plant environment health
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2523 – 13. DOI:
10.1520/E2523-13R18. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or www.astm.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
the ASTM website. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2523 − 13 (2018)
and safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some aseptic, adj—sterile,freefromviablemicrobialcontamination.
stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others. E2694
3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single
as supplied (a.s.), adj—antimicrobial pesticide finished prod-
document, a compilation of definitions used by personnel
uct including the active ingredients, solvent, and any addi-
involved with both metalworking environment health and
tional inactive ingredients. E2275
safety and fluid management.
background RLU, n—the quantity of relative light units
3.3 Useoftermsasdefinedinthisterminologystandardwill
resulting from running the Method without incorporation of
enable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms in
the sample. E2694
the appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinary
communications. bactericide, n—an antimicrobial pesticide specifically or pri-
marily effective against bacteria. E2169
4. Terminology
bioburden, n—the level of microbial contamination (biomass)
acid-fast bacteria, n—a distinctive staining property of My-
in a system. E2169
cobacteria due to their lipid-rich cell walls.
DISCUSSION—Typically, bioburden is defined in terms of either
DISCUSSION—Once stained, mycobacterium resist decolorization biomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface area
when exposed to acidified organic solvents and are, therefore, infor- material tested (g biomass/mL; g biomass/g sample; cells/mL sample;
colony forming units (CFU)/mL sample and so forth).
mally designated acid-fast. E2564
biocide, n—any chemical intended for use to kill organisms.
active ingredient (a.i.), n—the chemical or components of an
E2169, E2275
antimicrobial pesticide that provides its antimicrobial
DISCUSSION—Biocide is a term usually used synonymously with the
performance. E2169, E2275
preferred antimicrobial pesticide or microbicide.
acute dermal toxicity, n—health hazards likely to arise from
biodeterioration, n—the loss of commercial value, perfor-
short-term exposure to a substance via the skin or mucosa.
mance characteristics, or both of a product (metalworking
E1302
fluid) or material (coolant system or finished parts) through
DISCUSSION—Results of acute dermal toxicity testing may provide
biological processes. E2169
initial information on the dermal absorption and the mode of toxic
action of a substance. Moreover, some measure of irritation caused by
biofilm, n—a film or layer composed of microorganisms,
the fluid may be obtained by observing local tissue damage at the site
biopolymers, water, entrained organic and inorganic debris
of application. Endpoint: mortality.
that forms as a result of microbial growth, proliferation, and
acute inhalation toxicity, n—the potential of a fluid, vapor, or
excretion of polymeric substances at phase interfaces
gas to cause death and other adverse health effects when
(liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and so forth). (syn-
inhaled for a specified time period. E1302
onym: skinnogen layer). E2169
DISCUSSION—The endpoint may be mortality or other specific health
effect designated in the test protocol. bioluminescence, n—the production and emission of light by a
living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during
acute oral toxicity, n—health hazards likely to arise from
which chemical energy is converted to light energy. E2694
short-term exposure to a substance via the oral route
(ingestion). E1302
biomass, n—any matter which is or was a living organism or
DISCUSSION—Results of acute oral toxicity tests are used to develop
excreted from a microorganism D6161
warning statements on labels as may be required by OSHA Hazard
bioresistant, adj—ability to withstand biological attack.
Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 or Federal Hazardous
Substances Act. These are also used to establish a dosage regimen for
E2169, E2275
subchronic and other testing. Endpoint: mortality.
DISCUSSION—Bioresistant, or recalcitrant, chemicals are not readily
metabolized by microorganisms.
adenosine monophosphate (AMP), n—the molecule formed
by the removal of two molecules of phosphate (one pyro-
biostatic, adj—abletopreventexistingmicrobialcontaminants
phosphate molecule) from ATP. E2694
from growing or proliferating, but unable to kill them.
E2169, E2275
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), n—a molecule comprised of a
DISCUSSION—Biostatic additives may be registered antimicrobial
purine and three phosphate groups that serves as the primary
pesticides or unregistered chemicals with other performance properties.
energy transport molecule in all biological cells. E2694
The difference between biocidal and biostatic performance may be
attributed to dose, chemistry, or both.
aerosol, n—adispersionofsolidorliquidparticlesinagaseous
medium. D1356
boring, v—enlarging a hole that already has been drilled.
DISCUSSION—Generally, boring is an operation of truing the previ-
antimicrobial pesticide, n—chemical additive registered un-
ously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring is
der 40 CFR 156, for use to inhibit growth, proliferation, or
essentially internal turning.
both of microorganisms. E2169, E2275
breathing zone, n—that location in the atmosphere at which
DISCUSSION—Antimicrobial pesticides are registered for one or more
end-use applications, or sites, for use within an approved dose range. persons breathe. D1356
E2523 − 13 (2018)
DISCUSSION—The worker’s breathing zone consists of a hemisphere
dermatitis, n—an inflammatory response of the skin. E1497
300-mm radius in front of the face and measured from a line bisecting
DISCUSSION—Dermatitiscanresultfromawidevarietyofsourcesand
the ears. D7049
processes. The most common origins are irritants or allergic responses
to a chemical or physical agent. Signs and symptoms that typify the
broaching, v—an operation in which a cutter progressively
initial onset of dermatitis include: erythema (redness); edema (swell-
enlarges a slot or hole, or shapes a workpiece exterior.
ing); pruritis (itching); and vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In
DISCUSSION—Low teeth start the cut, intermediate teeth remove the
more severe cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) may
majority of the material, and high teeth finish the task. Broaching can
develop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure to the
be a one-step operation, as opposed to milling and slotting, which
causative agent ceases. More severe cases may require more time and
require repeated passes. Typically, however, broaching also involves
some medical attention. Some individuals may be at higher risk.
multiple passes.
dilution ventilation, n—referring to the supply and exhaust of
bubbler, n—a sampling device consisting of a gas dispenser
air with respect to an area, room, or building, the dilution of
immersed in an absorbing liquid. D1356
contaminated air with uncontaminated air for the purpose of
controlling potential health hazards, fire and explosion
coining, v—a closed-die squeezing operation in which all
conditions, odors, and nuisance-type contaminants, from
surfaces of the work are restrained (coined).
DISCUSSION—Coining often imparts a pattern or shape onto the Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.
workpiece. Coining also refers to a press-brake bending operation in
E2693
which the punch bottoms against the workpiece and the die. It also
refers to a process similar to bottoming although greater force is dose, n—concentration of antimicrobial pesticide added to
applied.Coiningalterstheradius,andbottomingsetsthebendopenbut
treated solution. E2169, E2275
does not affect shape.
DISCUSSION—Dose is generally expressed as either ppm active
ingredient (a.i.) or ppm as supplied (a.s.).
collector, n—adeviceforremovingandretainingcontaminants
from air or other gases. D1356
drawing, v—process by which a metal blank is forced to flow
throughadiecavitywithoutanyconstraintotherthanagainst
contaminant, n—substances contained in in-use metalworking
buckling.
fluids that are not part of the received fluid, such as abrasive
DISCUSSION—Internal resistance flow of the metal towards the punch
particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings,
and dies sets up compressive stresses which, combined with tensile
dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi and
stresses created by the motion of the punch, produce two-dimensional
microbiological decay products, and waste. E1497
shear.
contamination control, n—maintenance of bioburden at an
drilling, v—operation in which a rotating tool is used to create
operationally defined level, at or below which the bioburden
a round hole in a workpiece.
does not affect the fluid or system adversely. E2169
DISCUSSION—Drilling is normally the first step in machining opera-
tions such as boring, reaming, tapping, counterboring, countersinking,
control, v—to prevent, eliminate, or reduce hazards related to
and spotfacing.
the use of metalworking fluids in metalworking processes
and to provide appropriate supplemental, or interim
emergency, n—any occurrence such as, but not limited to,
protection, or both, as necessary, to employees. E1497
equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control
equipment that results in an uncontrolled release of a
control standard endotoxin (CSE), n—a purified preparation
significant amount of metalworking fluid. E1497
of endotoxin based on the USP Reference Standard Endo-
toxin (RSE); used in laboratories to prepare standard
employee exposure, n—the exposure to metalworking fluids
solutions. E2657
andcontaminantswhichwouldoccurwithoutcorrectionsfor
protection by any respirator or other personal protective
coolant, n—any liquid used for the purpose of facilitating heat
equipment that is in use.
removal from metal removal, forming, or both types of
metalworking operations.
emulsifiable oil (frequently referred to as “soluble oil”),
DISCUSSION—Coolants are typically classified by
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2523 − 13 (Reapproved 2018) An American National Standard
Standard Terminology for
Metalworking Fluids and Operations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-
ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in
Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
the metalworking industry.
E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an
of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
exhaustive lexicon. Rather, it defines terms relevant to metal-
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
working fluid management and metalworking fluid health and 3
Wet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)
safety.
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-
1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalwork- dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
Atmospheres
ing operations, fluid types, and other terms germane to the
practice of metalworking fluid management. E2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking
or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
formance
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
E2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Myco-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
bacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Method
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metal-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
working Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Method
E2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-
2. Referenced Documents
tions in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Metal Removal Fluid Environment
Atmospheres
E2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphos-
D2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related
phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Materials
2.2 Government Standards:
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
29 CFR 1910.1200 Occupational Safety and Health
Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
Standards, Hazard Communication
D7049 Test Method for Metalworking Fluid Aerosol in
40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and
Workplace Atmospheres
Devices
3. Significance and Use
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on
3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to
Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
metalworking fluid management and plant environment health
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2523 – 13. DOI:
10.1520/E2523-13R18. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or www.astm.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
the ASTM website. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2523 − 13 (2018)
and safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some aseptic, adj—sterile, free from viable microbial contamination.
stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others. E2694
3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single
as supplied (a.s.), adj—antimicrobial pesticide finished prod-
document, a compilation of definitions used by personnel
uct including the active ingredients, solvent, and any addi-
involved with both metalworking environment health and
tional inactive ingredients. E2275
safety and fluid management.
background RLU, n—the quantity of relative light units
3.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard will
resulting from running the Method without incorporation of
enable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms in
the sample. E2694
the appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinary
communications.
bactericide, n—an antimicrobial pesticide specifically or pri-
marily effective against bacteria. E2169
4. Terminology
bioburden, n—the level of microbial contamination (biomass)
acid-fast bacteria, n—a distinctive staining property of My-
in a system. E2169
cobacteria due to their lipid-rich cell walls.
DISCUSSION—Typically, bioburden is defined in terms of either
biomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface area
DISCUSSION—Once stained, mycobacterium resist decolorization
material tested (g biomass/mL; g biomass/g sample; cells/mL sample;
when exposed to acidified organic solvents and are, therefore, infor-
colony forming units (CFU)/mL sample and so forth).
mally designated acid-fast. E2564
biocide, n—any chemical intended for use to kill organisms.
active ingredient (a.i.), n—the chemical or components of an
E2169, E2275
antimicrobial pesticide that provides its antimicrobial
DISCUSSION—Biocide is a term usually used synonymously with the
performance. E2169, E2275
preferred antimicrobial pesticide or microbicide.
acute dermal toxicity, n—health hazards likely to arise from
biodeterioration, n—the loss of commercial value, perfor-
short-term exposure to a substance via the skin or mucosa.
mance characteristics, or both of a product (metalworking
E1302
fluid) or material (coolant system or finished parts) through
DISCUSSION—Results of acute dermal toxicity testing may provide
biological processes. E2169
initial information on the dermal absorption and the mode of toxic
action of a substance. Moreover, some measure of irritation caused by
biofilm, n—a film or layer composed of microorganisms,
the fluid may be obtained by observing local tissue damage at the site
biopolymers, water, entrained organic and inorganic debris
of application. Endpoint: mortality.
that forms as a result of microbial growth, proliferation, and
acute inhalation toxicity, n—the potential of a fluid, vapor, or
excretion of polymeric substances at phase interfaces
gas to cause death and other adverse health effects when
(liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and so forth). (syn-
inhaled for a specified time period. E1302
onym: skinnogen layer). E2169
DISCUSSION—The endpoint may be mortality or other specific health
effect designated in the test protocol.
bioluminescence, n—the production and emission of light by a
living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during
acute oral toxicity, n—health hazards likely to arise from
which chemical energy is converted to light energy. E2694
short-term exposure to a substance via the oral route
(ingestion). E1302
biomass, n—any matter which is or was a living organism or
DISCUSSION—Results of acute oral toxicity tests are used to develop
excreted from a microorganism D6161
warning statements on labels as may be required by OSHA Hazard
bioresistant, adj—ability to withstand biological attack.
Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 or Federal Hazardous
Substances Act. These are also used to establish a dosage regimen for E2169, E2275
subchronic and other testing. Endpoint: mortality.
DISCUSSION—Bioresistant, or recalcitrant, chemicals are not readily
metabolized by microorganisms.
adenosine monophosphate (AMP), n—the molecule formed
by the removal of two molecules of phosphate (one pyro-
biostatic, adj—able to prevent existing microbial contaminants
phosphate molecule) from ATP. E2694
from growing or proliferating, but unable to kill them.
E2169, E2275
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), n—a molecule comprised of a
DISCUSSION—Biostatic additives may be registered antimicrobial
purine and three phosphate groups that serves as the primary
pesticides or unregistered chemicals with other performance properties.
energy transport molecule in all biological cells. E2694
The difference between biocidal and biostatic performance may be
attributed to dose, chemistry, or both.
aerosol, n—a dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gaseous
medium. D1356
boring, v—enlarging a hole that already has been drilled.
DISCUSSION—Generally, boring is an operation of truing the previ-
antimicrobial pesticide, n—chemical additive registered un-
ously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring is
der 40 CFR 156, for use to inhibit growth, proliferation, or
essentially internal turning.
both of microorganisms. E2169, E2275
breathing zone, n—that location in the atmosphere at which
DISCUSSION—Antimicrobial pesticides are registered for one or more
end-use applications, or sites, for use within an approved dose range. persons breathe. D1356
E2523 − 13 (2018)
DISCUSSION—The worker’s breathing zone consists of a hemisphere
dermatitis, n—an inflammatory response of the skin. E1497
300-mm radius in front of the face and measured from a line bisecting
DISCUSSION—Dermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources and
the ears. D7049
processes. The most common origins are irritants or allergic responses
to a chemical or physical agent. Signs and symptoms that typify the
broaching, v—an operation in which a cutter progressively
initial onset of dermatitis include: erythema (redness); edema (swell-
enlarges a slot or hole, or shapes a workpiece exterior.
ing); pruritis (itching); and vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In
DISCUSSION—Low teeth start the cut, intermediate teeth remove the
more severe cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) may
majority of the material, and high teeth finish the task. Broaching can
develop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure to the
be a one-step operation, as opposed to milling and slotting, which
causative agent ceases. More severe cases may require more time and
require repeated passes. Typically, however, broaching also involves
some medical attention. Some individuals may be at higher risk.
multiple passes.
dilution ventilation, n—referring to the supply and exhaust of
bubbler, n—a sampling device consisting of a gas dispenser
air with respect to an area, room, or building, the dilution of
immersed in an absorbing liquid. D1356
contaminated air with uncontaminated air for the purpose of
controlling potential health hazards, fire and explosion
coining, v—a closed-die squeezing operation in which all
conditions, odors, and nuisance-type contaminants, from
surfaces of the work are restrained (coined).
DISCUSSION—Coining often imparts a pattern or shape onto the Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.
workpiece. Coining also refers to a press-brake bending operation in
E2693
which the punch bottoms against the workpiece and the die. It also
refers to a process similar to bottoming although greater force is dose, n—concentration of antimicrobial pesticide added to
applied. Coining alters the radius, and bottoming sets the bend open but
treated solution. E2169, E2275
does not affect shape.
DISCUSSION—Dose is generally expressed as either ppm active
ingredient (a.i.) or ppm as supplied (a.s.).
collector, n—a device for removing and retaining contaminants
from air or other gases. D1356
drawing, v—process by which a metal blank is forced to flow
through a die cavity without any constraint other than against
contaminant, n—substances contained in in-use metalworking
buckling.
fluids that are not part of the received fluid, such as abrasive
DISCUSSION—Internal resistance flow of the metal towards the punch
particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings,
and dies sets up compressive stresses which, combined with tensile
dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi and
stresses created by the motion of the punch, produce two-dimensional
microbiological decay products, and waste. E1497
shear.
contamination control, n—maintenance of bioburden at an
drilling, v—operation in which a rotating tool is used to create
operationally defined level, at or below which the bioburden
a round hole in a workpiece.
does not affect the fluid or system adversely. E2169
DISCUSSION—Drilling is normally the first step in machining opera-
tions such as boring, reaming, tapping, counterboring, countersinking,
control, v—to prevent, eliminate, or reduce hazards related to
and spotfacing.
the use of metalworking fluids in metalworking processes
and to provide appropriate supplemental, or interim
emergency, n—any occurrence such as, but not limited to,
protection, or both, as necessary, to employees. E1497
equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control
equipment that results in an uncontrolled release of a
control standard endotoxin (CSE), n—a purified preparation
significant amount of metalworking fluid. E1497
of endotoxin based on the USP Reference Standard Endo-
toxin (RSE); used in laboratories to prepare standard
employee exposure, n—the exposure to metalworking fluids
solutions. E2657
and contaminants which would occur without corrections for
protection by any respirator or other personal protective
coolant, n—any liquid used for the purpose of facilitating heat
equipment that is in use.
removal from metal removal, forming, or both types of
metalworking operations.
emulsifiable oil (frequently referred to as “soluble oil”),
DISCUSSION—Coolants are typically classified by the general chemi-
n—a m
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2523 − 13 E2523 − 13 (Reapproved 2018) An American National Standard
Standard Terminology for
Metalworking Fluids and Operations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in the
metalworking industry.
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather, it defines terms relevant to metalworking
fluid management and metalworking fluid health and safety.
1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalworking operations, fluid types, and other terms germane to the practice
of metalworking fluid management.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related Materials
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
D7049 Test Method for Metalworking Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres
E2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance
E2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count Method
E2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC) Method
E2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment
E2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphosphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
2.2 Government Standards:
29 CFR 1910.1200 Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Hazard Communication
40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and Devices
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Health
and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
Current edition approved April 1, 2013Oct. 1, 2018. Published April 2013October 2018. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20112013 as
E2523 - 11.E2523 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E2523-13.10.1520/E2523-13R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2523 − 13 (2018)
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to metalworking fluid management and plant environment health and
safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.
3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single document, a compilation of definitions used by personnel involved with both
metalworking environment health and safety and fluid management.
3.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard will enable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms in the
appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinary communications.
4. Terminology
acid-fast bacteria, n—a distinctive staining property of Mycobacteria due to their lipid-rich cell walls.
DISCUSSION—
Once stained, mycobacterium resist decolorization when exposed to acidified organic solvents,solvents and are, therefore, informally designated
acid-fast. E2564
active ingredient (a.i.), n—the chemical or components of an antimicrobial pesticide that provides its antimicrobial performance.
E2169, E2275
acute dermal toxicity, n—health hazards likely to arise from short-term exposure to a substance via the skin or mucosa. E1302
DISCUSSION—
Results of acute dermal toxicity testing may provide initial information on the dermal absorption and the mode of toxic action of a substance. Moreover,
some measure of irritation caused by the fluid may be obtained by observing local tissue damage at the site of application. Endpoint: mortality.
acute inhalation toxicity, n—the potential of a fluid, vapor, or gas to cause death and other adverse health effects when inhaled
for a specified time period. E1302
DISCUSSION—
The endpoint may be mortality or other specific health effect designated in the test protocol.
acute oral toxicity, n—health hazards likely to arise from short-term exposure to a substance via the oral route (ingestion). E1302
DISCUSSION—
Results of acute oral toxicity tests are used to develop warning statements on labels as may be required by OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
29 CFR 1910.1200 or Federal Hazardous Substances Act. These are also used to establish a dosage regimen for subchronic and other testing. Endpoint:
mortality.
adenosine monophosphate (AMP), n—the molecule formed by the removal of two molecules of phosphate (one pyrophosphate
molecule) from ATP. E2694
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), n—a molecule comprised of a purine and three phosphate groups that serves as the primary energy
transport molecule in all biological cells. E2694
aerosol, n—a dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gaseous medium. D1356
antimicrobial pesticide, n—chemical additive registered under 40 CFR 156, for use to inhibit growth, proliferation, or both of
microorganisms. E2169, E2275
DISCUSSION—
Antimicrobial pesticides are registered for one or more end-use applications, or sites, for use within an approved dose range.
aseptic, adj—sterile, free from viable microbial contamination. E2694
as supplied (a.s.), adj—antimicrobial pesticide finished product including the active ingredients, solvent, and any additional
inactive ingredients. E2275
bactericide, n—an antimicrobial pesticide specifically or primarily effective against bacteria. E2169
E2523 − 13 (2018)
background RLU, n—the quantity of relative light units resulting from running the Method without incorporation of the sample.
E2694
bactericide, n—an antimicrobial pesticide specifically or primarily effective against bacteria. E2169
bioburden, n—the level of microbial contamination (biomass) in a system. E2169
DISCUSSION—
Typically, bioburden is defined in terms of either biomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface area material tested (g biomass/mL;
g biomass/g sample; cells/mL sample; colony forming units (CFU)/mL sample and so forth).
biocide, n—any chemical intended for use to kill organisms. E2169, E2275
DISCUSSION—
Biocide is a term usually used synonymously with the preferred antimicrobial pesticide or microbicide.
biodeterioration, n—the loss of commercial value, performance characteristics, or both of a product (metalworking fluid) or
material (coolant system or finished parts) through biological processes. E2169
biofilm, n—a film or layer composed of microorganisms, biopolymers, water, entrained organic and inorganic debris that forms
as a result of microbial growth, proliferation, and excretion of polymeric substances at phase interfaces (liquid-liquid,
liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and so forth). (synonym: skinnogen layer). E2169
bioluminescence, n—the production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during which
chemical energy is converted to light energy. E2694
biomass, n—any matter which is or was a living organism or excreted from a microorganism D6161
bioresistant, adj—ability to withstand biological attack. E2169, E2275
DISCUSSION—
Bioresistant, or recalcitrant, chemicals are not readily metabolized by microorganisms.
biostatic, adj—able to prevent existing microbial contaminants from growing or proliferating, but unable to kill them. E2169,
E2275
DISCUSSION—
Biostatic additives may be registered antimicrobial pesticides or unregistered chemicals with other performance properties. The difference between
biocidal and biostatic performance may be attributed to dose, chemistry, or both.
boring, v—enlarging a hole that already has been drilled.
DISCUSSION—
Generally, boring is an operation of truing the previously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring is essentially internal turning.
breathing zone, n—that location in the atmosphere at which persons breath.breathe. D1356
DISCUSSION—
The worker’s breathing zone consists of a hemisphere 300-mm radius in front of the face and measured from a line bisecting the ears. D7049
broaching, v—an operation in which a cutter progressively enlarges a slot or hole, or shapes a workpiece exterior.
DISCUSSION—
Low teeth start the cut, intermediate teeth remove the majority of the material, and high teeth finish the task. Broaching can be a one-step operation,
as opposed to milling and slotting, which require repeated passes. Typically, however, broaching also involves multiple passes.
bubbler, n—a sampling device consisting of a gas dispenser immersed in an absorbing liquid. D1356
E2523 − 13 (2018)
coining, v—a closed-die squeezing operation in which all surfaces of the work are restrained (coined).
DISCUSSION—
Coining often imparts a pattern or shape onto the workpiece. Coining also refers to a press-brake bending operation in which the punch bottoms against
the workpiece and the die. It also refers to a process similar to bottoming although greater force is applied. Coining alters the radius, and bottoming
sets the bend open but does not affect shape.
collector, n—a device for removing and retaining contaminants from air or other gases. D1356
contaminant, n—substances contained in in-use metalworking fluids that are not part of the received fluid, such as abrasive
particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi and
microbiological decay products, and waste. E1497
contamination control, n—maintenance of bioburden at an operationally defined level, at or below which the bioburden does not
affect the fluid or system adversely. E2169
control, v—to prevent, eliminate, or reduce hazards related to the use of metalworking fluids in metalworking processes and to
provide appropriate supplemental, or interim protection, or both, as necessary, to employees. E1497
control standard endotoxin (CSE), n—a purified preparation of endotoxin based on the USP Reference Standard Endotoxin
(RSE); used in laboratories to prepare standard solutions. E2657
coolant, n—any liquid used for the purpose of facilitating heat removal from metal removal, forming, or both types of
metalworking operations.
DISCUSSION—
Coolants are typically classified by the general chemical composition as emulsifiable oils, semi-synthetic oils, straight oils, or synthetic fluid
(Classification D2881). See definitions 4.32, 4.72, 4.77 and 4.78, respectively. Coolants are used primarily to cool and lubricate.
culturable, adj—microorganisms that proliferate as indicated by the formation of colonies on solid growth media or the
development of turbidity in liquid growth media under specific growth conditions. E2694
demand, n—the sum of all factors that contribute to decreasing the effective concentration of antimicrobial pesticide. E2169
DISCUSSION—
Processes contributing to demand include, but are not limited to, reactions with microbes, reactions with other chemicals in the fluid, adsorption onto
surfaces, absorption into materials, and temperature.
dermatitis, n—an inflammatory response of the skin. E1497
DISCUSSION—
Dermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources and processes. The most common origins are irritantirritants or allergic responses to a chemical
or physical agent. Signs and symptoms that typify the initial onset of dermatitis include: erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itching); and
vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more severe cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) may develop. The condition is usually
reversible when exposure to the causative agent ceases. More severe cases may require more time and some medical attention. Some individuals may
be at higher risk.
dilution ventilation, n—referring to the supply and exhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, the dilution of
contaminated air with uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explosion conditions,
odors, and nuisance type nuisance-type contaminants, from Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice. E2693
dose, n—conc
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.