ASTM D2657-07(2015)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings
Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in Sections 7, 8, and 9, when implemented using suitable equipment and procedures in either a shop or field environment, produce strong pressure-tight joints equal to the strength of the piping material. Some materials are more adaptable to one technique than another. Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are influential factors in establishing suitable fusion parameters; therefore, consider the manufacturer's instructions in the use or development of a specific fusion procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes general procedures for making joints with polyolefin pipe and fittings (excluding polyethylene pipe and fittings) by means of heat fusion joining techniques in either a shop or field environment. These procedures are general ones. Specific instructions for heat fusion joining are obtained from product manufacturers. See Practice F2620 for heat fusion joining of polyethylene pipe and fittings.
1.2 The techniques covered are applicable only to joining polyolefin pipe and fittings of related polymer chemistry, for example, polypropylenes to polypropylenes, or polybutylenes to polybutylenes. Material, density, and flow rate shall be taken into consideration in order to develop uniform melt viscosities and formation of a good fusion bond when joining the same material to itself or to other materials of related polymer chemistry.
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyolefin pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See specific safety precautions in 3.1.1, 5.2, 8.2.3.1, Note 8 and Note 9, and A1.1.
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Designation: D2657 − 07 (Reapproved 2015) An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2657; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice describes general procedures for making
F1056 Specification for Socket Fusion Tools for Use in
joints with polyolefin pipe and fittings (excluding polyethylene
Socket Fusion Joining Polyethylene Pipe or Tubing and
pipe and fittings) by means of heat fusion joining techniques in
Fittings
either a shop or field environment. These procedures are
F2620 Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyethylene Pipe
general ones. Specific instructions for heat fusion joining are
and Fittings
obtained from product manufacturers. See Practice F2620 for
heat fusion joining of polyethylene pipe and fittings.
3. Summary of Practice
1.2 The techniques covered are applicable only to joining
3.1 Heat-fusion joining uses a combination of heat and force
polyolefin pipe and fittings of related polymer chemistry, for
resulting in two melted surfaces flowing together to produce a
example, polypropylenes to polypropylenes, or polybutylenes
joint. Fusion bonding occurs when the joint cools below the
to polybutylenes. Material, density, and flow rate shall be taken
melt temperature of the material. There is a temperature range
into consideration in order to develop uniform melt viscosities
within which any particular material is satisfactorily joined.
and formation of a good fusion bond when joining the same
The specific temperature used requires consideration of the
material to itself or to other materials of related polymer
properties of the specific material, and the joining environment.
chemistry.
With Techniques II or III (3.3.2 or 3.3.3), there is also an
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in appropriate force to be applied which depends upon the
material, the fusion equipment being used, and fusion tempera-
present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound
joints between polyolefin pipe and fittings when using the ture. See Practice F2620 for heat fusion procedure for poly-
ethylene pipe and fittings.
joining techniques described in this practice.
3.1.1 Electrically powered heat fusion tools and equipment
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
are usually not explosion proof. When performing heat fusion
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
in a potentially combustible atmosphere such as in an excava-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
tion where gas is present, all electrically powered tools and
and are not considered standard.
equipment that will be used in the combustible atmosphere
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and
shall be disconnected from the electrical power source and
appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes
operated manually to prevent explosion and fire. For the
and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not
heating tool, this requires bringing the heating tool up to or
be considered as requirements of the practice.
slightly above temperature in a safe area, then disconnecting it
from electrical power immediately before use. This procedure
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
is limited to smaller sizes where heating is accomplished
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
before the heating tool drops below acceptable temperature.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.2 Adequate joint strength for testing is attained when all
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See specific safety
of the joint material cools to ambient temperature. The joint
precautions in 3.1.1, 5.2, 8.2.3.1, Note 8 and Note 9, and A1.1. shall not be disturbed or moved until it has cooled. See Practice
F2620 for heat fusion procedure for polyethylene pipe and
fittings.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.20 on Joining. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2657 – 07. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D2657-07R15. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2657 − 07 (2015)
FIG. 1 Socket Fusion
NOTE 1—Polybutylene undergoes a crystalline transformation for
together and allowing the joint to cool while maintaining the
several days after cooling below its melt temperature. Although this
appropriate applied force. See Fig. 3.
phenomenon has an effect on the ultimate physical properties of the
material, its effect on testing of joints has not been found to be significant.
4. Significance and Use
If there is any question of its effect, a comparison should be made between
joints that have been conditioned for different periods of time in order to
4.1 The procedures described in Sections 7, 8, and 9, when
establish the conditioning-time relationship.
implemented using suitable equipment and procedures in either
3.3 Three fusion techniques are covered in this practice as
a shop or field environment, produce strong pressure-tight
follows: See Practice F2620 for heat fusion procedure for
joints equal to the strength of the piping material. Some
polyethylene pipe and fittings.
materials are more adaptable to one technique than another.
3.3.1 Procedure 1, Socket Fusion—The socket-fusion tech-
Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular
nique involves simultaneously heating the outside surface of a
weight distribution are influential factors in establishing suit-
pipe end and the inside of a fitting socket, which is sized to be
able fusion parameters; therefore, consider the manufacturer’s
smaller than the smallest outside diameter of the pipe. After the
instructions in the use or development of a specific fusion
proper melt has been generated at each face to be mated, the
procedure.
two components are joined by inserting one component into the
other. See Fig. 1. The fusion bond is formed at the interface 5. Operator Experience
resulting from the interference fit. The melts from the two
5.1 Skill and knowledge on the part of the operator are
components flow together and fuse as the joint cools. Optional
required to obtain a good quality joint. This skill and knowl-
alignment devices are used to hold the pipe and socket fitting
edge is obtained by making joints in accordance with proven
in Logitudinal alignment during the joining process; especially
procedures under the guidance of skilled operators. Evaluate
with pipe sizes 3 in. IPS (89 mm) and larger.
operator proficiency by testing sample joints.
3.3.2 Procedure 2, Butt Fusion—The butt-fusion technique
5.2 The party responsible for the joining of polyolefin pipe
in its simplest form consists of heating the squared ends of two
and fittings shall ensure that detailed procedures developed in
pipes, a pipe and a fitting, or two fittings, by holding them
conjunction with applicable codes and regulations and the
against a heated plate, removing the plate when the proper melt
manufacturers of the pipe, fittings, and joining equipment
is obtained, promptly bringing the ends together, and allowing
involved, including the safety precautions to be followed, are
the joint to cool while maintaining the appropriate applied
issued before actual joining operations begin.
force. See Fig. 2. An alignment jig shall be used to obtain and
maintain suitable alignment of the ends during the fusion
6. Apparatus: General Recommendations
operation.
3.3.3 Procedure 3, Saddle Fusion—The saddle-fusion tech- 6.1 Heating Tool—The tool may be heated by gas or
nique involves melting the concave surface of the base of a electricity. Gas-fired heaters for 2in. IPS and smaller socket
saddle fitting, while simultaneously melting a matching pattern and butt fusion joints only, shall have heat sinks of sufficient
on the surface of the pipe, bringing the two melted surfaces capacity to prevent excessive draw down of the tool
D2657 − 07 (2015)
FIG. 2 Typical Butt Fusion Operation
FIG. 3 Saddle Fusion
temperature, and are used only in above-freezing conditions. alloys. Copper or copper-alloy heating faces are not suitable,
Electric heating plates maintain consistent fusion temperatures
unless chromium-plated or clad with another suitable metal,
when provided with an adequate power source. Electric heating
because some polyolefins react with copper. Plastic materials
plates for general fusion use shall be controlled thermostati-
may stick to hot metal heating surfaces. This sticking may be
cally and most are adjustable for a set point temperature
minimized by applying a non-stick coating to the heating
ranging from 300 to 575°F (150 to 300°C). Some tools may
surfaces or by fitting a high-temperature, non-stick fabric over
have a fixed set point for a particular application.
the heating surfaces. The heating plate surfaces, coated or
6.2 Heating Tool Faces—Heating tools may be made from uncoated, shall be kept clean and free of contaminants such as
materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper, or copper dirt, grease and plastic build-up, which may cause excessive
D2657 − 07 (2015)
sticking and create unsatisfactory joints. Most of these con- 7.2.1 Attach the proper size heater faces to the heating tool,
taminants are removed from the hot tool surfaces using a clean, and heat the tool to the fusion temperature for the material.
dry, oil-free lint-free cloth. Do not use synthetic fabrics which 7.2.2 Cut the pipe end squarely, and clean the pipe end and
may char and stick to the fusion surface. Some pigments, such fitting, both inside and outside, by wiping with a clean, dry,
as carbon black, may stain a heating surface and probably oil-free, lint-free cloth.
cannot be removed; such stains will not contaminate the joint 7.2.3 Chamfer the outside edge of the pipe end slightly and
interface. fix the rounding clamp about the pipe as determined from the
6.2.1 After a period of time in service, non-stick coatings or depth gage.
fabrics will deteriorate and become less effective. Deteriorated
NOTE 4—Chamfering may not be required by some procedures or some
fabrics should be replaced, and worn, scratched, or gouged
fusion tools. Pipe sizes 1 in. (25.4 mm) and smaller are not usually
non-stick coatings should be re-coated when they lose effec-
chamfered, regardless of tooling design.
NOTE 5—Some recommend using a 50 to 60-grit emery or garnet cloth
tiveness. Heat fusion quality may be adversely affected by
to roughen the outside of the pipe and inside of the fitting as a means of
deteriorated non-stick surfaces. Spray-on chemicals, such as
minimizing any possible skin interface when making the fusion. Sandpa-
non-stick lubricants or oils shall not be applied to heating iron
per is not recommended for this purpose, as it might disintegrate and
surfaces as they will contaminate the joint.
contaminate the joint interface. If roughening is performed, first clean the
surfaces before roughening. Clean dust and particles from the roughened
6.3 Temperature Indicator—Heating tools shall be equipped
surfaces afterwards by wiping with a clean, dry, oil-free, lint-free cloth.
with a thermometer or other built-in temperature indicating
7.2.4 Bring the preheated tool faces into contact with the
device. This device indicates the internal temperature of the
outside surface of the end of the pipe and the inside surface of
heating iron which is usually higher than temperature of the
the socket.
fusion surfaces. Use a pyrometer periodically to verify the
7.2.5 Heat the pipe end and the fitting socket for the time
temperature of the tool surfaces within the pipe or fitting
required to obtain a proper melt. Proper melt is a function of
contact area. Select multiple checkpoints to ensure uniform
material, time, tool temperature, and the size of the parts. Pipe
surface temperature.
and fittings of larger diameters require more time to reach the
NOTE 2—A significant temperature variation, that is, cold spots, on the
proper melt consistency than those of smaller diameters.
fusion surfaces may indicate a faulty heating iron which may need to be
Underheated or overheated materials will not form a good
serviced before it can be used.
bond.
7.2.6 At the end of the heating time, simultaneously remove
7. Procedure 1—Socket Fusion
the pipe and fitting straight out from the tool, using a snap
7.1 Apparatus—Socket fusion tools manufactured in accor-
action. Immediately insert the pipe straight into the socket of
dance with Specification F1056 are used for joining polyolefin
the fitting so the rounding clamp is flush against the end of the
pipe, tubing, and fittings.
fitting socket. Hold or block the joint in place until the melts of
7.1.1 Heating Tool—In order to obtain a proper melt, it is
the mating surfaces have solidified. The exact cooling time
necessary for a uniform temperature to be maintained across
depends on the size of the pipe and the material being fused.
the heating surface. Therefore, gas-fired tools are generally
7.2.7 Remove the rounding clamp, and inspect the melt
restricted to use with pipe sizes of 2 in. IPS (63 mm) or less.
pattern at the end of the socket for a complete impression of the
7.1.2 Heating Tool Faces—Consisting of two parts, a male
rounding clamp in the melt surface. There shall no gaps, voids,
end for the interior socket surface and a female end for the
or unbonded areas. Clean the heating tool of any residual
exterior pipe surface. Both parts shall be made to such
material using a wood stick or a clean, dry, oil-free, lint-free,
tolerances as to cause an interference fit.
non-synthetic cloth. Take care not to damage the heating
7.1.3 Alignment Jig—The a
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2657 − 07 D2657 − 07 (Reapproved 2015) An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2657; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes general procedures for making joints with polyolefin pipe and fittings (excluding polyethylene pipe
and fittings) by means of heat fusion joining techniques in either a shop or field environment. These procedures are general ones.
Specific instructions for heat fusion joining are obtained from product manufacturers. See Practice F2620 for heat fusion joining
of polyethylene pipe and fittings.
1.2 The techniques covered are applicable only to joining polyolefin pipe and fittings of related polymer chemistry, for example,
polypropylenes to polypropylenes, or polybutylenes to polybutylenes. Material, density, and flow rate shall be taken into
consideration in order to develop uniform melt viscosities and formation of a good fusion bond when joining the same material
to itself or to other materials of related polymer chemistry.
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints
between polyolefin pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. See specific safety precautions in 3.1.1, 5.2, 8.2.3.1, Note 8 and Note 9, and A1.1.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F1056 Specification for Socket Fusion Tools for Use in Socket Fusion Joining Polyethylene Pipe or Tubing and Fittings
F2620 Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings
3. Summary of Practice
3.1 Heat-fusion joining uses a combination of heat and force resulting in two melted surfaces flowing together to produce a
joint. Fusion bonding occurs when the joint cools below the melt temperature of the material. There is a temperature range within
which any particular material is satisfactorily joined. The specific temperature used requires consideration of the properties of the
specific material, and the joining environment. With Techniques II or III (3.3.2 or 3.3.3), there is also an appropriate force to be
applied which depends upon the material, the fusion equipment being used, and fusion temperature. See Practice F2620 for heat
fusion procedure for polyethylene pipe and fittings.
3.1.1 Electrically powered heat fusion tools and equipment are usually not explosion proof. When performing heat fusion in a
potentially combustible atmosphere such as in an excavation where gas is present, all electrically powered tools and equipment
that will be used in the combustible atmosphere shall be disconnected from the electrical power source and operated manually to
prevent explosion and fire. For the heating tool, this requires bringing the heating tool up to or slightly above temperature in a safe
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.20 on Joining.
Current edition approved May 1, 2007Dec. 1, 2015. Published May 2007December 2015. Originally approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 20032007 as
D2657 – 03.D2657 – 07. DOI: 10.1520/D2657-07.10.1520/D2657-07R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2657 − 07 (2015)
area, then disconnecting it from electrical power immediately before use. This procedure is limited to smaller sizes where heating
is accomplished before the heating tool drops below acceptable temperature.
3.2 Adequate joint strength for testing is attained when all of the joint material cools to ambient temperature. The joint shall
not be disturbed or moved until it has cooled. See Practice F2620 for heat fusion procedure for polyethylene pipe and fittings.
NOTE 1—Polybutylene undergoes a crystalline transformation for several days after cooling below its melt temperature. Although this phenomenon has
an effect on the ultimate physical properties of the material, its effect on testing of joints has not been found to be significant. If there is any question
of its effect, a comparison should be made between joints that have been conditioned for different periods of time in order to establish the
conditioning-time relationship.
3.3 Three fusion techniques are covered in this practice as follows: See Practice F2620 for heat fusion procedure for
polyethylene pipe and fittings.
3.3.1 Procedure 1, Socket Fusion—The socket-fusion technique involves simultaneously heating the outside surface of a pipe
end and the inside of a fitting socket, which is sized to be smaller than the smallest outside diameter of the pipe. After the proper
melt has been generated at each face to be mated, the two components are joined by inserting one component into the other. See
Fig. 1. The fusion bond is formed at the interface resulting from the interference fit. The melts from the two components flow
together and fuse as the joint cools. Optional alignment devices are used to hold the pipe and socket fitting in Logitudinal alignment
during the joining process; especially with pipe sizes 3 in. IPS (89 mm) and larger.
3.3.2 Procedure 2, Butt Fusion—The butt-fusion technique in its simplest form consists of heating the squared ends of two
pipes, a pipe and a fitting, or two fittings, by holding them against a heated plate, removing the plate when the proper melt is
obtained, promptly bringing the ends together, and allowing the joint to cool while maintaining the appropriate applied force. See
Fig. 2. An alignment jig shall be used to obtain and maintain suitable alignment of the ends during the fusion operation.
3.3.3 Procedure 3, Saddle Fusion—The saddle-fusion technique involves melting the concave surface of the base of a saddle
fitting, while simultaneously melting a matching pattern on the surface of the pipe, bringing the two melted surfaces together and
allowing the joint to cool while maintaining the appropriate applied force. See Fig. 3.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The procedures described in Sections 7, 8, and 9, when implemented using suitable equipment and procedures in either a
shop or field environment, produce strong pressure-tight joints equal to the strength of the piping material. Some materials are more
adaptable to one technique than another. Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are
influential factors in establishing suitable fusion parameters; therefore, consider the manufacturer’s instructions in the use or
development of a specific fusion procedure.
5. Operator Experience
5.1 Skill and knowledge on the part of the operator are required to obtain a good quality joint. This skill and knowledge is
obtained by making joints in accordance with proven procedures under the guidance of skilled operators. Evaluate operator
proficiency by testing sample joints.
FIG. 1 Socket Fusion
D2657 − 07 (2015)
FIG. 2 Typical Butt Fusion Operation
FIG. 3 Saddle Fusion
5.2 The party responsible for the joining of polyolefin pipe and fittings shall ensure that detailed procedures developed in
conjunction with applicable codes and regulations and the manufacturers of the pipe, fittings, and joining equipment involved,
including the safety precautions to be followed, are issued before actual joining operations begin.
6. Apparatus: General Recommendations
6.1 Heating Tool—The tool may be heated by gas or electricity. Gas-fired heaters for 2in. IPS and smaller socket and butt fusion
joints only, shall have heat sinks of sufficient capacity to prevent excessive draw down of the tool temperature, and are used only
in above-freezing conditions. Electric heating plates maintain consistent fusion temperatures when provided with an adequate
D2657 − 07 (2015)
power source. Electric heating plates for general fusion use shall be controlled thermostatically and most are adjustable for a set
point temperature ranging from 300 to 575°F (150 to 300°C). Some tools may have a fixed set point for a particular application.
6.2 Heating Tool Faces—Heating tools may be made from materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper, or copper alloys.
Copper or copper-alloy heating faces are not suitable, unless chromium-plated or clad with another suitable metal, because some
polyolefins react with copper. Plastic materials may stick to hot metal heating surfaces. This sticking may be minimized by
applying a non-stick coating to the heating surfaces or by fitting a high-temperature, non-stick fabric over the heating surfaces. The
heating plate surfaces, coated or uncoated, shall be kept clean and free of contaminants such as dirt, grease and plastic build-up,
which may cause excessive sticking and create unsatisfactory joints. Most of these contaminants are removed from the hot tool
surfaces using a clean, dry, oil-free lint-free cloth. Do not use synthetic fabrics which may char and stick to the fusion surface.
Some pigments, such as carbon black, may stain a heating surface and probably cannot be removed; such stains will not
contaminate the joint interface.
6.2.1 After a period of time in service, non-stick coatings or fabrics will deteriorate and become less effective. Deteriorated
fabrics should be replaced, and worn, scratched, or gouged non-stick coatings should be re-coated when they lose effectiveness.
Heat fusion quality may be adversely affected by deteriorated non-stick surfaces. Spray-on chemicals, such as non-stick lubricants
or oils shall not be applied to heating iron surfaces as they will contaminate the joint.
6.3 Temperature Indicator—Heating tools shall be equipped with a thermometer or other built-in temperature indicating device.
This device indicates the internal temperature of the heating iron which is usually higher than temperature of the fusion surfaces.
Use a pyrometer periodically to verify the temperature of the tool surfaces within the pipe or fitting contact area. Select multiple
checkpoints to ensure uniform surface temperature.
NOTE 2—A significant temperature variation, that is, cold spots, on the fusion surfaces may indicate a faulty heating iron which may need to be serviced
before it can be used.
7. Procedure 1—Socket Fusion
7.1 Apparatus—Socket fusion tools manufactured in accordance with Specification F1056 are used for joining polyolefin pipe,
tubing, and fittings.
7.1.1 Heating Tool—In order to obtain a proper melt, it is necessary for a uniform temperature to be maintained across the
heating surface. Therefore, gas-fired tools are generally restricted to use with pipe sizes of 2 in. IPS (63 mm) or less.
7.1.2 Heating Tool Faces—Consisting of two parts, a male end for the interior socket surface and a female end for the exterior
pipe surface. Both parts shall be made to such tolerances as to cause an interference fit.
7.1.3 Alignment Jig—The alignment jig is an optional tool which consists of two sets of devices holding the components in
alignment to each other. One set of holding devices is fixed, and the other allows longitudinal movement for making the joint.
7.1.4 Rounding Clamps, (cold ring) to maintain roundness of the pipe and control the depth of pipe insertion into the socket
during the joining operation.
7.1.5 Depth Gage, for proper positioning of the rounding clamp.
7.1.6 Chamfering Tool, to bevel the end of the pipe.
NOTE 3—The depth gage and chamfering tool may be combined into a single tool.
7.1.7 Tubing Cutter, to obtain a square end cut on the pipe.
7.1.8 Fitting Puller, an optional tool to assist in the removal of the fitting from the heating tool and to hold the fitting during
assembly.
7.2 Procedure:
7.2.1 Attach the proper size heater faces to the heating tool, and heat the tool to the fusion temperature for the material.
7.2.2 Cut the pipe end squarely, and clean the pipe end and fitting, both inside and outside, by wiping with a clean, dry, oil-free,
lint-free cloth.
7.2.3 Chamfer the outside edge of the pipe end slightly and fix the rounding clamp about the pipe as determined from the depth
gage.
NOTE 4—Chamfering may not be required by some procedures or some fusion tools. Pipe sizes 1 in. (25.4 mm) and smaller are not usually chamfered,
regardless of tooling design.
NOTE 5—Some recommend using a 50 to 60-grit emery or garnet cloth to roughen the outside of the pipe and inside of the fitting as a means of
minimizing any possible skin interface when making the fusion. Sandpaper is not recommended for this purpose, as it might disintegrate and contaminate
the joint interface. If roughening is performed, first clean the surfaces before roughening. Clean dust and particles from the roughened surfaces afterwards
by wiping with a clean, dry, oil-free, lint-free cloth.
7.2.4 Bring the preheated tool faces into contact with the outside surface of the end of the pipe and the inside surface of the
socket.
7.2.5 Heat the pipe end and the fitting socket for the time required to obtain a proper melt. Proper melt is a function of material,
time, tool temperature, and the size of the parts. Pipe and fittings of larger diamet
...
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