ASTM D6759-02
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab and Discrete Depth Samplers
Standard Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab and Discrete Depth Samplers
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes sampling devices and procedures for collecting samples of liquids or sludges, or both, whose upper surface can be accessed by the suitable device. These devices may be used to sample tanks that have an appropriately sized and located sampling port.
1.2 This practice describes and discusses the advantages and limitations of the following commonly used equipment, some of which can be used for both grab and discrete depth sampling: dipper, liquid grab sampler, swing jar sampler, Bacon Bomb, Kemmerer sampler, Discrete Level sampler, liquid profiler, lidded sludge/water sampler, peristaltic pump, and the Syringe sampler.
1.3 This practice provides instructions on the use of these samplers.
1.4 This practice does not address sampling devices for collecting ground water.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 6759 – 02
Standard Practice for
Sampling Liquids Using Grab and Discrete Depth Samplers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6759; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 5743 Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liq-
uidswithorwithoutSolidsinDrumsorSimilarContainers
1.1 Thispracticedescribessamplingdevicesandprocedures
D 5753 Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geo-
for collecting samples of liquids or sludges, or both, whose
physical Logging
upper surface can be accessed by the suitable device. These
D 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
devicesmaybeusedtosampletanksthathaveanappropriately
Related to Waste ManagementActivities: Development of
sized and located sampling port.
Data Quality Objectives
1.2 Thispracticedescribesanddiscussestheadvantagesand
D 5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for Heterogeneous
limitations of the following commonly used equipment, some
Wastes
of which can be used for both grab and discrete depth
D 6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Manage-
sampling: dipper, liquid grab sampler, swing jar sampler,
ment of Waste and Contaminated Media
Bacon Bomb, Kemmerer sampler, Discrete Level sampler,
D 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-
liquid profiler, lidded sludge/water sampler, peristaltic pump,
pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
and the Syringe sampler.
D 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for
1.3 This practice provides instructions on the use of these
Waste and Contaminated Media Data CollectionActivities
samplers.
D 6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Re-
1.4 This practice does not address sampling devices for
lated to Waste Management Activities
collecting ground water.
D 6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewater With Automatic
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Samplers
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 6699 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Bailers
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E 856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Fuel
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 discrete depth sample, n—sample obtained from a
D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
defined level within the liquid being sampled.
D 4840 Guide for Sample Chain of Custody Procedures
3.2 grab sample, n—individual sample collected over a
D 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
period of time usually not exceeding 15 min and in such a
Used at Non-Radioactive Waste Sites
manner as to be representative of conditions at the time of
D 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
sampling. Grab samples are sometimes called individual or
Related to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-
discrete samples.
ance and Quality Control Planning and Implementation
3.3 representative sample, n—sample collected such that it
D 5358 Practice for Sampling with a Dipper or Pond
reflects one or more characteristics of interest (as defined by
Sampler
the project objectives) of a population from which it was
collected. D 5956
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
3.4 sample, n—portion of material taken from a larger
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.03 on
quantity for the purpose of estimating properties or composi-
Sampling Equipment.
tion of the larger quantity. E 856
Current edition approved Feb.10, 2002. Published May 2002.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.5 sludge, n—any mixture of solids that settles out of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
solution. Sludges contain liquids that are not apparent as free
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
liquids (see Practice D 5743). D 6323
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6759–02
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Sampling at specified depth(s) within a liquid may be
needed to confirm or rule out variations within a target
population. This practice describes the design and operation of
commercially available grab and discrete depth samplers for
persons responsible for designing or implementing sampling
programs, or both.
4.2 These sampling devices are used for sampling liquids in
tanks, ponds, impoundments, and other open bodies of water.
Some may be used from the edge or bank of the sampling site,
whereassomecanonlybeusedfromaplatform,boat,orbridge
over the sampling site. Some of the devices described are
suitable for sampling slurries and sludges as well as aqueous
and other liquids with few or no suspended solids.
4.3 Practice D 5743 provides guidance for sampling drums,
tanks, or similar containers.
4.4 This practice does not address general guidelines for
planning waste sampling activities (Guide D 4687), develop- FIG. 1 Dipper
mentofdataqualityobjectives(PracticeD 5792),thedesignof
monitoring systems and determination of the number of
samples to collect (Practice D 6311), in situ measurement of
6. Sampling Equipment and Procedures
parameters of interest, data assessment and statistical interpre-
6.1 Dipper:
tation of resultant data (Guide D 6233), sample preservation,
6.1.1 Description—A dipper can consist of a variety of
sampling and field quality assurance (Guide D 5612), or the
pieces of equipment assembled in a manner to obtain a sample.
selection of sampling locations or obtaining a representative
6.1.1.1 Onetypehasanadjustableclampattachedtotheend
sample (Guide D 6044).
of a metal rod or tube, which may be extendable (see Fig. 1).
The rod or tube forms the handle and the clamp is used to
5. Pre-Sampling
secure it to a beaker or other sample container.
5.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with an
6.1.1.2 Another type of device is made using a stainless
appropriate work plan (Practice D 5283 and Guide D 4687)
steel tube clamped to a moveable bracket that is attached to a
and in accordance with the Data Quality Objectives (Practice
rigid handle. The angle of the cup to the handle is adjustable
D 5792). The plan should include a worker health and safety
(Practice D 5358).
section because of the potential hazards associated with sam-
6.1.2 Procedure:
pling wastes.
6.1.2.1 With the beaker facing downward, lower the dipper
5.2 All equipment shall be clean, dry, and compatible with
beaker into the liquid slowly until it is submerged.Try to cause
the anticipated composition of the material being sampled
a minimum of surface disturbance.
(Practice D 5088). When sampling a hazardous material, if the
6.1.2.2 Rotate the beaker through 180°. If there is a current,
exteriorofthesamplebottleorsamplingapparatuscontactsthe
the mouth of the beaker should face upstream during the
hazardous material, it needs to be cleaned before subsequent
rotation.
steps, such as labelling or sample transfer, are taken.
6.1.2.3 Allow the beaker to fill.
5.3 For samplers with long handles, if high voltage electri-
6.1.2.4 Slowly bring it to the surface.
cal wires could come into contact with the handle, the handle
6.1.2.5 Transfer the sample, usually by gently pouring the
should be made of nonconductive material, such as wood.
dipper’s contents into a clean sample container.
5.4 For guidance in obtaining a representative sample, see
6.1.3 Advantages and Limitations:
Guide D 6044.
Advantages Limitations
5.5 For guidance in how to prepare composite samples and
It is inexpensive. It can be used to obtain only
subsamples in the field, see Guide D 6051.
When attached to a rigid pole, it surface samples.
can reach to4m(10–13 ft) Because the sample collection chamber
5.6 Some discrete samples can be taken using bailers (see
away from the person is always open, it cannot obtain a
Practice D 6699). Additional information on selecting sam-
collecting samples. sample containing the same strata
pling equipment, based on the sample matrix, and the con-
proportions as the strata at the location
being sampled.
straints on the use of equipment, based on the physical and
chemical properties of the equipment, can be found in Guide
6.2 Liquid Grab Sampler:
D 6232.
6.2.1 Description—Aliquid grab sampler consists of a rigid
handle with a bottle attached to one end. The bottle is sealed
with a plunger that can be opened or closed by moving the
cable that is attached to it (see Fig. 2).
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site
6.2.2 Procedure—Assemble the liquid grab sampler per the
Activities, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-115 (NTIS No. PB87-162855/LL),
NIOSH, OSHA, USCG, EPA, October 1985. manufacturer’s instructions.
D6759–02
FIG. 2 Liquid Grab Sampler
6.2.2.1 When assembled, thread the bottle onto the grab
sampler head and tighten by turning the bottle clockwise.
6.2.2.2 Submerge the sampler to the desired depth and pull
the split key ring to allow liquid to enter the bottle.
6.2.2.3 Release the ring to close the bottle.
6.2.2.4 Raise the sampler from the liquid.
6.2.2.5 Remove the filled sample bottle and seal it.
6.2.2.6 Clean the outside surface of the sample bottle.
6.2.3 Advantages and Limitations:
D6759–02
6.3.2.1 Select the bottle clamp that best fits the desired
sample bottle.
6.3.2.2 Connect the pole to the bottle holder and turn it
clockwise until snug.
6.3.2.3 Slide the clamp onto the bottle to a point midway
between the bottle shoulder and heel.
6.3.2.4 Tighten the screw located in the inner pole screw
threads of the bottle holder.
6.3.2.5 Lower the sampler into the liquid slowly with the
bottle facing downward until it is submerged to cause minimal
surface disturbance.
6.3.2.6 Rotate the bottle through 180°.
NOTE 1—If there is a current, the mouth of the bottle should face
upstream during the rotation.
6.3.2.7 Allow the bottle to fill and slowly bring it to the
surface.
6.3.2.8 Loosen the screw holding the bottle to the device.
6.3.2.9 Remove the bottle from the holder.
6.3.2.10 For transport to the laboratory, either seal the bottle
and clean the exterior or transfer the bottle’s contents into a
clean sample container.
6.3.3 Advantages and Limitations:
Advantages Limitations
The sampler can accommodate Not suitable for discrete depth sampling.
different sample bottle sizes Exterior of sample bottle needs
up to 960 mL. cleaning after immersion in
It allows collection from various hazardous waste.
angles, including vertical.
6.4 Bacon Bomb:
6.4.1 Description—The Bacon Bomb sampler consists of a
sealed hollow tube or chamber. It is attached to a primary
cable/line, with length markings and an actuator rod (labeled
FIG. 3 Swing Jar Sampler
Secondary Activation in Fig. 4) connected to a second line,
which opens and closes the chamber’s valves.
Advantages Limitations
6.4.2 Procedure:
The sample jar is available True depth of sample unknown unless
6.4.2.1 Measure and mark the support line or cable with the
commercially in a range of materials, device is vertically deployed.
providing the choice of one that is Not able to collect stratified desired length or depth.
chemically inert to the contaminants samples of proper proportions.
6.4.2.2 Close the chamber.
of interest. Exterior of sample bottle needs
6.4.2.3 Lower the Bacon Bomb sampler using the primary
Handles of various lengths can be cleaning after immersion in
used to obtain samples from hazardous waste. support line or cable to the desired depth, as marked on the
different depths.
support line. Secure the line.
The sample does not need to be
6.4.2.4 Open the chamber by pulling on the actuator rod
transferred to another container
for shipping.
line, thereby allowing the sampler to fill.
The sampler is not opened until
6.4.2.5 When the chamber is full, release the second line to
the desired sampling depth is
close the sampler.
reached, that is, it can be used
as a discrete depth sampler
6.4.2.6 Return the sampler to the surface by raising the
(see Practice D 6699).
primary support line.
6.3 Swing Jar Sampler: 6.4.2.7 Transfer the contents of the Bacon Bomb sampler to
6.3.1 Description—This sampling device consists of a pole a clean dry sample container. Hold the Bacon Bomb sampler
that screws into a bottle holder (see Fig. 3). The angle of the over the sample container. Open the lower stopper by raising
bottle with respect to the pole can be varied. the actuator rod. Drain the contents into a clean sample
6.3.2 Procedure: container(s).
D6759–02
Advantages Limitations
Sampler is closed to the material The lowering and activation lines
being sampled until it has reached tend to cross each other during
its intended depth, that is, it can descent, which could allow
be used as a discrete depth sample collection to occur
sampler. at the wrong depth.
It is available in 250-, 500- and The commercially available stainless
1000-mL volumes in both steel unit has a maximum
PTFE and type 302 capacity of 500 mL.
stainless steel. PTFE device is expensive
The stainless steel unit is relative to stainless steel.
effective for use in high Not effective in turbid sample
viscosity non aqueous media, according to the
liquids, for example, oil. manufacturer.
Slight leakage into the interior
may occur with the stainless
steel unit during descent,
according to the manufacturer
With viscous material, an excess
of the material being sampled
may adhere to the outside of
the Bacon Bomb sampler.
6.5 Syringe Sampler:
6.5.1 Description—The Syringe sampler is a hollow tube
type sampler with a bottom fill valve. A Syringe sampler
normally consists of a piston assembly with a T-handle, safety
locking nut, and control rod (PTFE-covered aluminum to
facilitate operation of the piston), a piston body assembly, a
sampling tube assembly, and a standard bottom valve or coring
bottom (see Fig. 5).
6.5.2 Procedure:
6.5.2.1 Open the bottom valve.
6.5.2.2 Slowly lower the assembled sampler to the desired
depth.
6.5.2.3 Raise the T-handle, drawing the sample into the
sampler body.
6.5.2.4 Close the bottom valve by pressing the sampler
down against the side or bottom of the container being
sampled.
6.5.2.5 Raise th
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