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ASTM C1646/C1646M-08a

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained Concrete

Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides standard requirements for evaluating frost-susceptible coarse aggregate in air-entrained concrete subjected to freezing and thawing in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M.
Concrete containing frost-resistant paste may not be resistant to freezing and thawing if it contains coarse aggregate that becomes critically saturated. An aggregate particle is considered to be critically saturated when there is insufficient unfilled pore space to accommodate the expansion of water that accompanies the freezing.
The potential of the coarse aggregate to cause damage due to cycles of freezing and thawing is evaluated by Test Method C 666/C 666M.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers materials for use in hydraulic-cement concrete mixtures to be placed by shotcreting. It does not cover mixing, placement, curing, or protection of the concrete placed by shotcreting.
1.2 This specification covers materials for both wet-mix and dry-mix shotcreting.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of the standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Dec-2008
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.67 - Resistance to the Environment
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1646/C1646M-08 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Frost Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-Entrained Concrete by Rapid Freezing and Thawing
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Replaced By
ASTM C1646/C1646M-16 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jun-2016

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ASTM C1646/C1646M-08a - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained ConcreteASTM C1646/C1646M-08a - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained Concrete
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REDLINE ASTM C1646/C1646M-08a - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained ConcreteREDLINE ASTM C1646/C1646M-08a - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained Concrete
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REDLINE ASTM C1646/C1646M-08a - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained Concrete
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REDLINE ASTM C1646/C1646M-08a - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained ConcreteREDLINE ASTM C1646/C1646M-08a - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained Concrete
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REDLINE ASTM C1646/C1646M-08a - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained Concrete
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1646/C1646M − 08a
StandardPractice for
Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating
Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in
1
Air-Entrained Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1646/C1646M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* C150 Specification for Portland Cement
C173/C173M Test Method forAir Content of Freshly Mixed
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing
Concrete by the Volumetric Method
test specimens for evaluating resistance of normal-weight
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
coarse aggregates to freezing and thawing in air-entrained
Specimens in the Laboratory
concrete in accordance with Test Method C666/C666M, Pro-
C231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Con-
cedure A or B.
crete by the Pressure Method
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
C490 Practice for Use ofApparatus for the Determination of
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Concrete
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
Concrete
with the standard.
C666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to
Rapid Freezing and Thawing
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
4
2.2 ACI Standard:
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory 211.1 Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal,
Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete
limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementi-
tious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to
2 3. Terminology
skin and tissue upon prolonged use. )
3.1 Definitions:
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsusedinthisspecification,refer
3
to Terminology C125.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
4. Significance and Use
C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-
4.1 This practice provides standard requirements for evalu-
drical Concrete Specimens
ating coarse aggregate in air-entrained concrete subjected to
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
freezing and thawing in accordance with Test Method C666/
gregates
C666M.
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
Concrete
4.2 Concretehavinganadequateair-voidsystemmaynotbe
resistant to freezing and thawing if it contains coarse aggregate
that becomes critically saturated. An aggregate particle is
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete
considered to be critically saturated when there is insufficient
andConcreteAggregatesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC09.67on
unfilledporespacetoaccommodatetheexpansionofwaterthat
Resistance to the Environment.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally accompanies the freezing.
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1646/C1646M – 08.
4.3 The potential of the coarse aggregate to cause damage
DOI: 10.1520/C1646_C1646M-08A.
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, due to cycles of freezing and thawing is evaluated by Test
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.02.
Method C666/C666M.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
the ASTM website. Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1646/C1646M − 08a
NOTE 1—As stated in Specification C494/C494M, note that “neutral-
5. Apparatus
ized Vinsol resin” is required if no material is designated by the person or
5.1 Equipment for mixing concrete and procedures for
agency for whom the testing is being performed.
making and curing test specimens shall be in accordance with
7.3 Proportions—Except when tests are being made where
Practice C192/C192M.
mixture proportions
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1646/C1646M–08 Designation:C1646/C1646M–08a
Standard Practice for
Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Frost
Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-Entrained Concrete
by Rapid to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained
1
Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1646/C 1646M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing test specimens for evaluating frost resistance of normal-weight
coarse aggregates to freezing and thawing in air-entrained concrete in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M, Procedure A
or B.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and
2
tissue upon prolonged use. )
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
C 173/C 173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
C 490 Practice for Use ofApparatus for the Determination of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete
C 494/C 494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
C 666/C 666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
4
2.2 ACI Standard:
211.1 Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology C 125.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.67 on
Resistance to the Environment.
Current edition approved Aug. 1,Dec. 15, 2008. Published September 2008.January 2009. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072008 as
C 1646/C 1646M – 078.
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.02.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1646/C1646M–08a
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice provides standard requirements for evaluating frost-susceptible coarse aggregate in air-entrained concrete
subjected to freezing and thawing in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M.
4.2Concretecontainingfrost-resistantpaste4.2 Concretehavinganadequateair-voidsystemmaynotberesistanttofreezingand
thawing if it contains coarse aggregate that becomes critically saturated. An aggregate particle is considered to be critically
saturated when there is insufficient unfilled pore space to accommodate the expansion of water that accompanies the freezing.
4.3 The potential of the coarse aggregate to cause damage due to cycles of freezing and thawing is evaluate
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1646/C1646M–08 Designation:C1646/C1646M–08a
Standard Practice for
Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Frost
Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-Entrained Concrete
by Rapid to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained
1
Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1646/C 1646M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing test specimens for evaluating frost resistance of normal-weight
coarse aggregates to freezing and thawing in air-entrained concrete in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M, Procedure A
or B.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and
2
tissue upon prolonged use. )
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
C 173/C 173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
C 490 Practice for Use ofApparatus for the Determination of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete
C 494/C 494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
C 666/C 666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
4
2.2 ACI Standard:
211.1 Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology C 125.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.67 on
Resistance to the Environment.
Current edition approved Aug. 1,Dec. 15, 2008. Published September 2008.January 2009. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072008 as
C 1646/C 1646M – 078.
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.02.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1646/C1646M–08a
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice provides standard requirements for evaluating frost-susceptible coarse aggregate in air-entrained concrete
subjected to freezing and thawing in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M.
4.2Concretecontainingfrost-resistantpaste4.2 Concretehavinganadequateair-voidsystemmaynotberesistanttofreezingand
thawing if it contains coarse aggregate that becomes critically saturated. An aggregate particle is considered to be critically
saturated when there is insufficient unfilled pore space to accommodate the expansion of water that accompanies the freezing.
4.3 The potential of the coarse aggregate to cause damage due to cycles of freezing and thawing is evaluate
...

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4.1 Existing practices and test methods for fabricating fresh concrete test specimens are not suited to SCC. This practice provides requirements and procedures for fabricating test specimens with SCC having a slump flow of 500 mm [20 in.] or greater.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for fabricating test specimens in the laboratory or field using a representative sample of fresh self-consolidating concrete (SCC). This practice is applicable to SCC with a nominal maximum aggregate size up to 25 mm [1 in.] and a slump flow of 500 mm [20 in.] or greater. If the slump flow is less than 500 mm [20 in.] follow the fabrication procedures described in the standard for which the test specimen is required.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to exposed skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1701/C1701M-17a(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of the pervious concrete, thereby identifying the need for remediation.  
5.2 The infiltration rate obtained by this method is valid only for the localized area of the pavement where the test is conducted. To determine the infiltration rate of the entire pervious pavement multiple locations must be tested and the results averaged.  
5.3 The field infiltration rate is typically established by the design engineer of record and is a function of the design precipitation event.  
5.4 This test method does not measure the influence on in-place infiltration rate due to sealing of voids near the bottom of the pervious concrete slab. Visual inspection of concrete cores is the best approach for determining sealing of voids near the bottom of the pervious concrete slab.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the field water infiltration rate of in place pervious concrete.
Note 1: For permeable unit pavement systems, Test Method C1781/C1781M should be used. Test Method C1781/C1781M is functionally identical to this test method but includes added provisions for positioning and securing the test ring to a discontinuous surface. Both tests methods give comparable results  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C617/C617M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice describes procedures for providing plane surfaces on the ends of freshly molded concrete cylinders, hardened cylinders, or drilled concrete cores when the end surfaces do not conform with the planeness and perpendicularity requirements of applicable standards. Practice C1231/C1231M describes alternative procedures using unbonded caps or pad caps.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers apparatus, materials, and procedures for capping freshly molded concrete cylinders with neat cement and hardened cylinders and drilled concrete cores with high-strength gypsum paste or sulfur mortar.  
1.2 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaution statements see 4.3.1 and 6.2.4.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1621/C1621M-17(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Passing Ability of Self-Consolidating Concrete by J-Ring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure to determine the passing ability of self-consolidating concrete. This test method is applicable for laboratory use in comparing the passing ability of different concrete mixtures. It is also applicable in the field as a quality control test.  
5.2 The difference between the slump flow and J-Ring flow is an indication of the passing ability of the concrete. A difference less than 25 mm [1 in.] indicates good passing ability and a difference greater than 50 mm [2 in.] indicates poor passing ability. The orientation of the mold for the J-Ring test and for the slump flow test without the J-Ring shall be the same.  
5.3 This test method is limited to self-consolidating concrete with nominal maximum size of aggregate of up to 25 mm [1 in.].
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the passing ability of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) by using the J-Ring in combination with a mold.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C173/C173M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
4.1.1 Therefore, this is the appropriate test to determine the air content of concretes containing lightweight aggregates, air-cooled slag, and highly porous or vesicular natural aggregates.  
4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
4.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amounts of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C138/C138M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete

ABSTRACT
This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.  
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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