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ASTM E1815-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography

Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2006
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1815-96(2001) - Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E1815-08 - Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2104-22 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and Turbine Materials and Components
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E3388-23 - Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1161-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1114-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Size of Iridium-192, Cobalt-60, and Selenium-75 Industrial Radiographic Sources
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E999-20 - Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2736-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiography
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1742/E1742M-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E746-18 - Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1030/E1030M-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E592-20 - Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Film Radiography of Steel Plates <fraction><num>1</num><den>4 </den> </fraction> to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X-Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with <brk/>Cobalt-60
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2446-23 - Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1735-19 - Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems from 4 to 25 MeV
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006

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ASTM E1815-06 - Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1815 – 06
Standard Test Method for
1
Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1815; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 5-2 Photography Density Measurements—Part 2: Geo-
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination
metric Conditions for Transmission Density
of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiog-
ISO 5-3 Photography Density Measurements—Part 3:
raphy.Thistestmethodestablishesminimumrequirementsthat
Spectral Conditions
correspond to system classes.
ISO 7004 Photography—Industrial Radiographic Film, De-
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-
termination of ISO Speed and Average Gradient When
type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The perfor-
Exposed to X and Gamma Radiation
manceoffilmsexposedwithfluorescent(light-emitting)inten-
3
2.4 DIN Standard:
sifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test
EN 584-1 Non-Destructive Testing—Industrial Radio-
method.
graphic Film—Classification of Film Systems
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard.Thevaluesgiveninbracketsareforinformationonly.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
method, refer to Terminology E1316.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.1 film system—the film and associated film-processing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
requirements in accordance with the criteria established by the
2. Referenced Documents manufacturers of the film and processing chemicals.
2
3.2.2 gradient G—the slope of the characteristic curve at a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
certain density, D, and a measure of the contrast of the film
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
system.
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-
3.2.3 granularity, s —nonuniformity of density in a radio-
D
diographic Film Processing
graphic image typically caused by random, statistical group-
E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
ings of individual silver particles in processed film.
eters
3.2.4 ISO speed S—determinedbythedose K ,measuredin
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations s
3
gray at a specified optical density, D, in the radiograph.
2.2 ANSI Standards:
PH 2.40 Root Mean Square (rms) Granularity of Film
4. Significance and Use
(Images on One Side Only) Method of Measuring
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classifi-
cationoffilmsystemsusedforindustrialradiography.Thefilm
1
system consists of the film and associated processing system
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 6
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
describes specific parameters used for this test method. In
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Published February 2006. Originally
general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E1815-96 (2001).
2
Section 6, can be transferred to other radiation energies and
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges
the ASTM website.
3 specified may result in changes to a film/system performance
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. classification.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1815–06
TABLE 1 Typical Film System Classification
Automatic Film Processing
Developer: Type A
Developer immersion time: XXX seconds
Developer temperature: XX°C/YY°F
Minimum
Minimum Gradient G at
Gradient/ Maximum
ASTM System Granularity Granularity, s , ISO Speed Dose, K,m Gy,
A D s
Film Type
Class Ratio, G/s ,at at D = 2.0 above S D =2.0
D
D =2.0 D =4.0
D = 2.0 above D
o
above D above D
o o
D
o
A Special 5.4 9.1 360 0.
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.  
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at  D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at  D = 2.0.  
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be constructed.  
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1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of RQIs is a significant departure from normal practice in industrial radiology because it is not a standard design and is dependent on the application, material, and process and therefore cannot be a simple plaque or wire. The use of an RQI provides documented evidence that radiologic images have the level of quality necessary to reveal those nonconformances for which the parts are being examined by ensuring adequate spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in the areas of interest.  
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1.3 This practice is applicable to most radiological methods of examination.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An electrical pulse is applied to a piezoelectric transducer which converts electrical to mechanical energy. In the angle-beam search unit, the piezoelectric element is generally a thickness expander which creates compressions and rarefactions. This longitudinal (compressional) wave travels through a wedge (generally a plastic). The angle between transducer face and the examination face of the wedge is equal to the angle between the normal (perpendicular) to the examination surface and the incident beam. Fig. 1 shows the incident angle φi, and the refracted angle φr, of the ultrasonic beam.
FIG. 1 Refraction  
4.2 When the examination face of the angle-beam search unit is coupled to a material, ultrasonic waves may travel in the material. As shown in Fig. 2, the angle in the material (measured from the normal to the examination surface) and mode of vibration are dependent on the wedge angle, the ultrasonic velocity in the wedge, and the velocity of the wave in the examined material. When the material is thicker than a few wavelengths, the waves traveling in the material may be longitudinal and shear, shear alone, shear and Rayleigh, or Rayleigh alone. Total reflection may occur at the interface. (Refer to Fig. 3.) In thin materials (up to a few wavelengths thick), the waves from the angle-beam search unit traveling in the material may propagate in different Lamb wave modes.
FIG. 2 Mode of Vibration  
FIG. 3 Effective Angles in the Steel versus Wedge Angles in Acrylic Plastic  
4.3 All ultrasonic modes of vibration may be used for angle-beam examination of material. The material forms and the probable flaw locations and orientations determine selection of beam directions and modes of vibration. The use of angle beams and the selection of the proper wave mode presuppose a knowledge of the geometry of the object; the probable location, size, orientation, and reflectivity of the expected flaws; and the laws of physics governing the propagation of ultrasonic...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.2 Limitations—This practice does not address the characterization or measurement of the impedance of differential, a-c coupled, or transmit/receive types of probes. This practice does not address the use of magnetic materials in examination probes. This practice shall not be used as a basis for selection of the best probe for a particular application or as a means by which to calibrate or standardize a probe for a specific examination. This practice does not address differences in the impedance values that can be obtained when the probe and material are in relative motion, as in a rotating probe, since the procedure described here requires the probe and material to be stationary.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the NDT facility and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure (see 6.1). Test Methods E1030, E1032, and E1416 contain information to help develop detailed technique/procedure requirements.
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1.1 This practice2 establishes the minimum requirements for radiographic examination for metallic and nonmetallic materials.  
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1.3.1 DoD contracts.  
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1.3.3 Agency qualification, 5.1.2.  
1.3.4 Digitizing techniques, 5.4.5.  
1.3.5 Alternate image quality indicator (IQI) types, 5.5.3.  
1.3.6 Examination sequence, 6.6.  
1.3.7 Non-film techniques, 6.7.  
1.3.8 Radiographic quality levels, 6.9.  
1.3.9 Optical density, 6.10.  
1.3.10 IQI qualification exposure, 6.13.3.  
1.3.11 Non-requirement for IQI, 6.18.  
1.3.12 Examination coverage for welds, A2.2.2.  
1.3.13 Electron beam welds, A2.3.  
1.3.14 Geometric unsharpness, 6.23.  
1.3.15 Responsibility for examination, 6.27.1.  
1.3.16 Examination report, 6.27.2.  
1.3.17 Retention of radiographs, 6.27.8.  
1.3.18 Storage of radiographs, 6.27.9.  
1.3.19 Reproduction of radiographs, 6.27.10 and 6.27.10.1.  
1.3.20 Acceptable parts, 6.28.1.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.  
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at  D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at  D = 2.0.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.  
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of RQIs is a significant departure from normal practice in industrial radiology because it is not a standard design and is dependent on the application, material, and process and therefore cannot be a simple plaque or wire. The use of an RQI provides documented evidence that radiologic images have the level of quality necessary to reveal those nonconformances for which the parts are being examined by ensuring adequate spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in the areas of interest.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the radiological examination of unique materials or processes, or both, for which conventionally designed image quality indicators (IQIs), such as those described in Practices E747 and E1025, may be inadequate in controlling the quality and repeatability of the radiological image.  
1.2 Where appropriate, representative image quality indicators (RQIs) may also represent criteria levels of the acceptance or rejection of images of discontinuities.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to most radiological methods of examination.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An electrical pulse is applied to a piezoelectric transducer which converts electrical to mechanical energy. In the angle-beam search unit, the piezoelectric element is generally a thickness expander which creates compressions and rarefactions. This longitudinal (compressional) wave travels through a wedge (generally a plastic). The angle between transducer face and the examination face of the wedge is equal to the angle between the normal (perpendicular) to the examination surface and the incident beam. Fig. 1 shows the incident angle φi, and the refracted angle φr, of the ultrasonic beam.
FIG. 1 Refraction  
4.2 When the examination face of the angle-beam search unit is coupled to a material, ultrasonic waves may travel in the material. As shown in Fig. 2, the angle in the material (measured from the normal to the examination surface) and mode of vibration are dependent on the wedge angle, the ultrasonic velocity in the wedge, and the velocity of the wave in the examined material. When the material is thicker than a few wavelengths, the waves traveling in the material may be longitudinal and shear, shear alone, shear and Rayleigh, or Rayleigh alone. Total reflection may occur at the interface. (Refer to Fig. 3.) In thin materials (up to a few wavelengths thick), the waves from the angle-beam search unit traveling in the material may propagate in different Lamb wave modes.
FIG. 2 Mode of Vibration  
FIG. 3 Effective Angles in the Steel versus Wedge Angles in Acrylic Plastic  
4.3 All ultrasonic modes of vibration may be used for angle-beam examination of material. The material forms and the probable flaw locations and orientations determine selection of beam directions and modes of vibration. The use of angle beams and the selection of the proper wave mode presuppose a knowledge of the geometry of the object; the probable location, size, orientation, and reflectivity of the expected flaws; and the laws of physics governing the propagation of ultrasonic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers ultrasonic examination of materials by the pulse-echo technique, using continuous coupling of angular incident ultrasonic vibrations.  
1.2 This practice shall be applicable to development of an examination procedure agreed upon by the users of the practice.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the impedance of absolute eddy-current probes (bridge-type, air or ferrite core, wire wound, shielded, or unshielded) used for finding material defects in electrically conducting material. This practice is intended to establish a uniform methodology to measure the impedance of eddy-current probes prior to receipt of these probes by the purchaser or the specifier.  
1.2 Limitations—This practice does not address the characterization or measurement of the impedance of differential, a-c coupled, or transmit/receive types of probes. This practice does not address the use of magnetic materials in examination probes. This practice shall not be used as a basis for selection of the best probe for a particular application or as a means by which to calibrate or standardize a probe for a specific examination. This practice does not address differences in the impedance values that can be obtained when the probe and material are in relative motion, as in a rotating probe, since the procedure described here requires the probe and material to be stationary.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1742/E1742M-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the NDT facility and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure (see 6.1). Test Methods E1030, E1032, and E1416 contain information to help develop detailed technique/procedure requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 establishes the minimum requirements for radiographic examination for metallic and nonmetallic materials.  
1.2 Applicability—The criteria for the radiographic examination in this practice are applicable to all types of metallic and nonmetallic materials. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended to establish acceptance criteria for parts and materials.  
1.3 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.  
1.3.1 DoD contracts.  
1.3.2 Personnel qualification, 5.1.1.  
1.3.3 Agency qualification, 5.1.2.  
1.3.4 Digitizing techniques, 5.4.5.  
1.3.5 Alternate image quality indicator (IQI) types, 5.5.3.  
1.3.6 Examination sequence, 6.6.  
1.3.7 Non-film techniques, 6.7.  
1.3.8 Radiographic quality levels, 6.9.  
1.3.9 Optical density, 6.10.  
1.3.10 IQI qualification exposure, 6.13.3.  
1.3.11 Non-requirement for IQI, 6.18.  
1.3.12 Examination coverage for welds, A2.2.2.  
1.3.13 Electron beam welds, A2.3.  
1.3.14 Geometric unsharpness, 6.23.  
1.3.15 Responsibility for examination, 6.27.1.  
1.3.16 Examination report, 6.27.2.  
1.3.17 Retention of radiographs, 6.27.8.  
1.3.18 Storage of radiographs, 6.27.9.  
1.3.19 Reproduction of radiographs, 6.27.10 and 6.27.10.1.  
1.3.20 Acceptable parts, 6.28.1.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    17 pages
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  • Standard
    17 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off