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ASTM D4950-14

(Specification)

Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greases

Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greases

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers lubricating greases suitable for the periodic relubrication of chassis systems and wheel bearings of passenger cars, trucks, and other vehicles.  
1.2 This specification defines the requirements used to describe the properties and performance characteristics of chassis greases and wheel bearing greases for service-fill applications.  
1.3 The test requirements (acceptance limits) given in this specification are, as the case may be, minimum or maximum acceptable values for valid duplicate test results. Apply no additional corrections for test precision, such as described in Practice D3244, inasmuch as the precision of the test methods was taken into account in the determination of the requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Exceptions—Test Method D2596 reports test results in kgf units, and Test Method D4289 reports rubber hardness in Durometer Shore A units.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2014
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.B0.04 - Automotive Greases
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4950-13 - Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greases
Effective Date
01-Dec-2014
Referred By
ASTM D6185-11(2017) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Binary Mixtures of Lubricating Greases
Effective Date
01-Dec-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1812/C1812M-22 - Standard Practice for Design of Journal Bearing Supports to be Used in Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beam Tests
Effective Date
01-Dec-2014
Referred By
ASTM D4289-21 - Standard Test Method for Elastomer Compatibility of Lubricating Greases and Fluids
Effective Date
01-Dec-2014

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ASTM D4950-14 - Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service GreasesASTM D4950-14 - Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greases
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REDLINE ASTM D4950-14 - Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service GreasesREDLINE ASTM D4950-14 - Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greases
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4950 −14
Standard Classification and Specification for
1,2
Automotive Service Greases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4950; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This specification describes current categories of lubricating greases for automotive service-fill
applications. A specific designation is assigned to each category. The system is open ended, that is,
new designations are assigned for use with new categories as each new set of grease performance
characteristics is defined. Grease categories are referenced by automotive manufacturers in making
lubrication recommendations and used by grease suppliers and users in identifying products for
specific applications.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverslubricatinggreasessuitablefor
D217Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
the periodic relubrication of chassis systems and wheel bear-
Grease
ings of passenger cars, trucks, and other vehicles.
D566TestMethodforDroppingPointofLubricatingGrease
1.2 This specification defines the requirements used to
D1264Test Method for Determining the Water Washout
describe the properties and performance characteristics of
Characteristics of Lubricating Greases
chassis greases and wheel bearing greases for service-fill
D1742Test Method for Oil Separation from Lubricating
applications.
Grease During Storage
D1743Test Method for Determining Corrosion Preventive
1.3 The test requirements (acceptance limits) given in this
Properties of Lubricating Greases
specification are, as the case may be, minimum or maximum
D2265Test Method for Dropping Point of Lubricating
acceptable values for valid duplicate test results. Apply no
Grease Over Wide Temperature Range
additional corrections for test precision, such as described in
D2266Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of
Practice D3244, inasmuch as the precision of the test methods
Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
was taken into account in the determination of the require-
D2596Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure
ments.
Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D3244Practice for Utilization of Test Data to Determine
standard.
Conformance with Specifications
1.4.1 Exceptions—TestMethodD2596reportstestresultsin
D3527Test Method for Life Performance of Automotive
kgf units, and Test Method D4289 reports rubber hardness in
Wheel Bearing Grease
Durometer Shore A units.
D4170Test Method for Fretting Wear Protection by Lubri-
cating Greases
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
1
Products, and Lubricants
This classification and specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the
D4289Test Method for Elastomer Compatibility of Lubri-
direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.B0.04 on Automotive Greases.
cating Greases and Fluids
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published January 2015. Originally
published in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4950–13. DOI:
3
10.1520/D4950-14 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
2
This classification and specification was developed as a cooperative effort contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
among the American Society for Testing and Materials, the National Lubricating Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Grease Institute (NLGI), and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4950−14
D4290Test Method for Determining the Leakage Tenden- 3.2.5 “G” category group, n— automotive service greases
cies of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease Under Accel- of such composition, properties, and performance characteris-
erated Conditions tics as to be suitable for the service lubrication of those types
D4693TestMethodforLow-TemperatureTorqueofGrease- of wheel bearings that require periodic relubrication.
Lubricated Wheel Bearings
3.2.6 “L” category group, n— automotive service greases
4
2.2 SAE Standards:
of such composition, properties, and performance characteris-
AMS 3217AStandard Elastomer Stock-Test Slabs
tics as to be suitable for the service lubrication of those types
AMS3217/2CTestSlabs,AcrylonitrileButadi
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4950 − 13 D4950 − 14
Standard Classification and Specification for
1,2
Automotive Service Greases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4950; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This specification describes current categories of lubricating greases for automotive service-fill
applications. A specific designation is assigned to each category. The system is open ended, that is,
new designations are assigned for use with new categories as each new set of grease performance
characteristics is defined. Grease categories are referenced by automotive manufacturers in making
lubrication recommendations and used by grease suppliers and users in identifying products for
specific applications.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers lubricating greases suitable for the periodic relubrication of chassis systems and wheel bearings
of passenger cars, trucks, and other vehicles.
1.2 This specification defines the requirements used to describe the properties and performance characteristics of chassis greases
and wheel bearing greases for service-fill applications.
1.3 The test requirements (acceptance limits) given in this specification are, as the case may be, minimum or maximum
acceptable values for valid duplicate test results. Apply no additional corrections for test precision, such as described in Practice
D3244, inasmuch as the precision of the test methods was taken into account in the determination of the requirements.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4.1 Exception—Exceptions—Test Method D2596 reports test results in kgf units. Until that standard is revised, Classification
and Specification units, and Test Method D4950D4289 will show kgf units in parentheses after the SI units for information
only.reports rubber hardness in Durometer Shore A units.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
D566 Test Method for Dropping Point of Lubricating Grease
D1264 Test Method for Determining the Water Washout Characteristics of Lubricating Greases
D1742 Test Method for Oil Separation from Lubricating Grease During Storage
D1743 Test Method for Determining Corrosion Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greases
D2265 Test Method for Dropping Point of Lubricating Grease Over Wide Temperature Range
D2266 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
D2596 Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
D3244 Practice for Utilization of Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
D3527 Test Method for Life Performance of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease
D4170 Test Method for Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greases
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants
1
This classification and specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D02.B0.04 on Automotive Greases.
Current edition approved June 15, 2013Dec. 1, 2014. Published July 2013January 2015. Originally published in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 as
D4950 – 08.D4950 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D4950-1310.1520/D4950-14
2
This classification and specification was developed as a cooperative effort among the American Society for Testing and Materials, the National Lubricating Grease
Institute (NLGI), and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4950 − 14
D4289 Test Method for Elastomer Compatibility of Lubricating Greases and Fluids
D4290 Test Method for Determining the Leakage Tendencies of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease Under Accelerated
Conditions
D
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine wear properties and coefficient of friction of lubricating greases at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian point contact pressures. This test method has found application in qualifying lubricating greases used in constant velocity joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles and for lubricating greases used in roller bearings. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
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4.1 This practice is intended to help users, particularly power plant operators, maintain effective control over their mineral lubricating oils and lubrication monitoring program. This practice may be used to perform oil changes based on oil condition and test results rather than on the basis of service time or calendar time. It is intended to save operating and maintenance expenses.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral oil and phosphate ester fluid lubricating oils in service auxiliary (non-turbine) equipment used for power generation. Auxiliary equipment covered includes gears, hydraulic systems, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, and electrohydraulic control (EHC) systems. It includes sampling and testing schedules and recommended action steps, as well as information on how oils degrade.
Note 1: Other types of synthetic lubricants are sometimes used but are not addressed in this practice because they represent only a small fraction of the fluids in use. Users of these fluids should consult the manufacturer to determine recommended monitoring practices.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the monitoring of lubricating oil for steam and gas turbines. Rather, it is intended to complement Practice D4378.  
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5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.  
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1) .2 This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
Note 1: It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.  
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of t...

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ASTM
ASTM D7216-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Automotive Engine Oil Compatibility with Typical Seal Elastomers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some engine oil formulations have been shown to lack compatibility with certain elastomers used for seals in automotive engines. These deleterious effects on the elastomer are greatest with new engine oils (that is, oils that have not been exposed to an engine’s operating environment) and when the exposure is at elevated temperatures.  
5.2 This test method requires that non-reference oil(s) be tested in parallel with a reference oil known to be aggressive for some parameters under service conditions. This relative  compatibility permits decisions on the anticipated or predicted performance of the non-reference oil in service.  
5.3 Elastomer materials can show significant variation in physical properties, not only from batch to batch but also within a sheet and from sheet to sheet. Results obtained with the reference oil are submitted by the test laboratories to the TMC to allow it to update continually the total and within-laboratory standard deviation estimates. These estimates, therefore, incorporate effects of variations in the properties of the reference elastomers on the test variability.  
5.4 This test method is suitable for specification compliance testing, quality control, referee testing, and research and development.  
5.5 The reference elastomers, reference oil, and the physical properties involved in this test method address the specific requirements of engine oils. Although other tests exist for compatibility of elastomers with liquids, these are considered too generalized for engine oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
1.2 Effective sealing action requires that the physical properties of elastomers used for any seal have a high level of resistance to the liquid or oil in which they are immersed. When such a high level of resistance exists, the elastomer is said to be compatible with the liquid or oil.
Note 1: The user of this test method should be proficient in the use of Test Methods D412 (tensile properties), D471 (effect of rubber immersion in liquids), D2240 (Durometer hardness), and D5662 (gear oil compatibility with typical oil seal elastomers), all of which are involved in the execution of the operations of this test method.  
1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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