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ASTM D7015-04

(Practice)

Standard Practices for Obtaining Undisturbed Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples of Soils

Standard Practices for Obtaining Undisturbed Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples of Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Undisturbed block samples are suitable for laboratory tests where large-sized samples of undisturbed material are required or where such sampling is more practical than conventional tube sampling (Practices D 1587 and D 6519), or both.
This method of sampling is advantageous where the soil to be sampled is near the ground surface. This is the best available method for obtaining large undisturbed samples of very stiff and brittle soils, partially cemented soils, and some soils containing coarse gravel.
Excavating a column of soil may relieve stresses in the soil and may result in some expansion of the soil and a corresponding decrease in its unit weight (density) or increase in sampling disturbance, or both. Usually the expansion is small in magnitude because of the shallow depth. Stress changes alone can cause enough disturbances in some soils to significantly alter their engineering properties.
The chain saw has proved advantageous in sampling difficult soils, which are blocky, slickensided, or gravelly, or materials containing alternating layers of hard and soft material.3 The chain saw uses a special carbide-tipped chain.4  
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective sampling. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This designation outlines the procedures for obtaining undisturbed block (cubical and cylindrical) soil samples.
1.2 Undisturbed block samples are obtained for laboratory tests to determine the strength, consolidation, permeability, and other geotechnical engineering or physical properties of the undisturbed soil.
1.3 Two sampling practices are presented. Practice A covers cubical block sampling, while Practice B covers cylindrical block sampling.
1.4 These practices usually involve test pit excavation and are limited to relatively shallow depths. Except in the case of large diameter (that is, >0.75 m) bored shafts of circular cross-section in unsaturated soils, for depths greater than about 1 to 11/2 meters or depths below the water table, the cost and difficulties of excavating, cribbing, and dewatering generally make block sampling impractical and uneconomical. For these conditions, use of a thin-walled push tube soil sampler (Practice D 1587), a piston-type soil sampler (Practice D 6519), or Hollow-Stem Auger (D 6151), Dennison, or Pitcher-type soil core samplers, or freezing the soil and coring may be required. This practice does not address environmental sampling; consult Guides D 6169 and D 6232 for information on sampling for environmental investigations.
1.5 Successful sampling of granular materials requires sufficient cohesion, cementation, or apparent cohesion (due to moisture tension (suction)) of the soil for it to be isolated in a column shape without undergoing excessive deformations. Additionally, care must be exercised in the excavation, preservation and transportation of undisturbed samples (see Practice D 4220, Group D).
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units are included in this standard.
This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without conside...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2004
ICS
13.080.05 - Examination of soils in general
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.02 - Sampling and Related Field Testing for Soil Evaluations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7015-07 - Standard Practices for Obtaining Intact Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples of Soils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM D420-18 - Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes
Effective Date
01-Feb-2004
Referred By
ASTM D4186/D4186M-20e1 - Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Saturated Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-Strain Loading
Effective Date
01-Feb-2004

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ASTM D7015-04 - Standard Practices for Obtaining Undisturbed Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples of SoilsASTM D7015-04 - Standard Practices for Obtaining Undisturbed Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples of Soils
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ASTM D7015-04 - Standard Practices for Obtaining Undisturbed Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples of Soils
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7015–04
Standard Practices for
Obtaining Undisturbed Block (Cubical and Cylindrical)
1
Samples of Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7015; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
1.1 This designation outlines the procedures for obtaining
nor should this document be applied without consideration of
undisturbed block (cubical and cylindrical) soil samples.
a project’s many unique aspects. The word 9Standard9 in the
1.2 Undisturbed block samples are obtained for laboratory
title of this document means only that the document has been
teststodeterminethestrength,consolidation,permeability,and
approved through the ASTM consensus process.
other geotechnical engineering or physical properties of the
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
undisturbed soil.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 Two sampling practices are presented. PracticeAcovers
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cubical block sampling, while Practice B covers cylindrical
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
block sampling.
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. For specific
1.4 These practices usually involve test pit excavation and
hazard statements, see Section 6.
are limited to relatively shallow depths. Except in the case of
large diameter (that is, >0.75 m) bored shafts of circular
2. Referenced Documents
cross-section in unsaturated soils, for depths greater than about
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
1to1 ⁄2 meters or depths below the water table, the cost and
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
difficulties of excavating, cribbing, and dewatering generally
Fluids
make block sampling impractical and uneconomical. For these
D 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils
conditions, use of a thin-walled push tube soil sampler (Prac-
for Geotechnical Purposes
tice D 1587), a piston-type soil sampler (Practice D 6519), or
D 1785 Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plas-
Hollow-Stem Auger (D 6151), Dennison, or Pitcher-type soil
tic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120
core samplers, or freezing the soil and coring may be required.
D 2488 Practice for Determining Unified Soil Classification
Thispracticedoesnotaddressenvironmentalsampling;consult
(Visual Method)
Guides D 6169 and D 6232 for information on sampling for
D 2937 Test Method for Density of Soils in Place by the
environmental investigations.
Drive-Cylinder Method
1.5 Successful sampling of granular materials requires suf-
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
ficient cohesion, cementation, or apparent cohesion (due to
Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock
moisture tension (suction)) of the soil for it to be isolated in a
as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
column shape without undergoing excessive deformations.
D 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
Additionally, care must be exercised in the excavation, pres-
Samples
ervation and transportation of undisturbed samples (see Prac-
D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-
tice D 4220, Group D).
tions of Soil and Rock
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-
standard. No other units are included in this standard.
technical Exploration and Soil Sampling
1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
D 6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-
education or experience and should be used in conjunction
gations
with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may
D 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
1 2
ThesepracticesareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling and contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Related Field Testing for Soil Investigations. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2004. Published February 2004. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
...

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4.1 Gabions and Revet Mattresses, as described in Specification A975, are used to achieve soil stability and prevent soil erosion and are also used as retaining wall structures to resist movements due to gravity. Their ability to function properly depends on correct design and installation. This standard practice describes the proper installation of gabions and revet mattresses to ensure the products function as intended by the manufacturers.
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1.1 This specification covers standard practice for foundation preparation, assembly, placement and filling of double-twisted wire mesh gabions and revet mattresses used for various erosion control, soil retention or freestanding structures.  
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1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM D7351/D7351M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Sediment Retention Device (SRD) Effectiveness in Sheet Flow Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method quantifies the effectiveness of a sediment retention device (SRD) by measuring the ability of the SRD to retain eroded sediments caused by sheet flowing water under full-scale conditions. This test method may also assist in identifying physical attributes of SRDs that contribute to their erosion control performance.  
5.2 The effectiveness of SRDs is installation dependent. Thus, replicating field installation techniques is an important aspect of this test method. This test method is full-scale and therefore, appropriate as an indication of product performance, for general comparison of product capabilities, and for assessment of product installation techniques.
Note 1: Test Method D5141 is an alternate test method for evaluating sediment retention device effectiveness, if it is not necessary to simulate field installation conditions.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors: Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the guidelines, requirements and procedures for evaluating the ability of Sediment Retention Devices (SRDs) to retain sediment when exposed to sediment-laden water “sheet” flows.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to the use of an SRD as a vertical permeable interceptor designed to remove suspended soil from overland, nonconcentrated water flow. The function of an SRD is to trap and allow settlement of soil particles from sediment laden water. The purpose is to reduce the transport of eroded soil from a disturbed site by water runoff.  
1.3 The test method presented herein is intended to indicate representative performance and is not necessarily adequate for all purposes in view of the wide variety of possible sediments and performance objectives.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. Only SI units are used in equations and appendixes. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consideration for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D7015/D7015M-18(Practice)
Standard Practices for Obtaining Intact Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples of Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Intact block samples are suitable for laboratory tests where large-sized samples of intact material are required or where such sampling is more practical than conventional tube sampling (Practices D1587/D1587M and D6519), or both.  
4.2 The intact block method of sampling is advantageous where the soil to be sampled is near the ground surface. It is the best available method for obtaining large intact samples of very stiff and brittle soils, partially cemented soils, and some soils containing coarse gravel.  
4.3 Excavating a column of soil will relieve stresses in the soil and may result in some expansion of the soil and a corresponding decrease in its unit weight (density) or increase in sampling disturbance, or both. Usually the expansion is small in magnitude because of the shallow depth. Stress changes alone can cause enough disturbances in some soils to significantly alter their engineering properties.  
4.4 The chain saw has proved advantageous in sampling difficult soils, which are blocky, slickensided, or materials containing alternating layers of hard and soft material.3 The chain saw uses a special carbide-tipped chain.4
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1.1 These practices outline the procedures for obtaining intact block (cubical and cylindrical) soil samples.  
1.2 Intact block samples are obtained for laboratory tests to determine the strength, consolidation, permeability, and other geotechnical engineering or physical properties of the intact soil.  
1.3 Two sampling practices are presented. Practice A covers cubical block sampling, while Practice B covers cylindrical block sampling.  
1.4 These practices usually involve test pit excavation and are limited to relatively shallow depths. Except in the case of large diameter (that is, diameters greater than 0.8 m [2.5 ft]) bored shafts of circular cross-section in unsaturated soils, for depths greater than about 1 to 11/2 meters [3 to 5 ft] or depths below the water table, the cost and difficulties of excavating, cribbing, and dewatering generally make block sampling impractical and uneconomical. For these conditions, use of a thin-walled push tube soil sampler (Practice D1587/D1587M), a piston-type soil sampler (Practice D6519), or Hollow-Stem Auger (Practice D6151/D6151M), Dennison, or Pitcher-type soil core samplers, or freezing the soil and coring may be required.  
1.5 These practices do not address environmental sampling; consult Guides D6169/D6169M and D6232 for information on sampling for environmental investigations.  
1.6 Successful sampling of granular materials requires sufficient cohesion, cementation, or apparent cohesion (due to moisture tension (suction)) of the soil for it to be isolated in a column shape without undergoing excessive deformations. Additionally, care must be exercised in the excavation, preservation and transportation of intact samples (see Practice D4220/D4220M, Group D).  
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1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for s...

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5.1 The MIP system provides a timely and cost effective way for delineation of many VOC plumes (for example, gasoline, benzene, toluene, solvents, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene) with depth (1, 2, 4, 8, 9). MIP detector logs provide insight into the relative contaminant concentration based upon the response magnitude of detector and a determination of compound class based upon which detectors of the series respond of the bulk VOC distribution in the subsurface but do not provide analyte specificity (1, 2, 7). DP logging tools such as the MIP are often used to perform expedited site characterizations (10, 11, D5730) and develop detailed conceptual site models (E1689). The project manager should determine if the required data quality objectives (D5792) can be achieved with a MIP investigation. MIP logging is typically one part of an overall investigation program.  
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5.3 Many factors influence the movement of volatile compounds from the formation across the membrane and into the carrier gas stream. One study has evaluated the effects of temperature and pressure at the face of the membrane on analyte permeability (12). Formation factors such as degree of saturation, clay content, proportion of organic carbon, porosity and permeability will also influence the efficiency of analyte movement from the formation across the membrane. Of course, the volatility, concentration, molecular size and mass, and water solubility of each specific VOC will influence movement across the membrane and rate of transport through the carrier gas line to the detectors.  
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5.1 Soil suction is a measure of the free energy of the pore-water in a soil. Soil suction in practical terms is a measure of the affinity of soil to retain water and can provide information on soil parameters that are influenced by the soil water; for example, volume change, deformation, and strength characteristics of the soil.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory filter papers as passive sensors to evaluate the soil matric and total potential (suction), a measure of the free energy of the pore-water or tension stress exerted on the pore-water by the soil matrix (1, 2).2 The term potential or suction is descriptive of the energy status of soil water.  
1.2 This test method controls the variables for measurement of the water content of filter paper that is in direct contact with soil or in equilibrium with the partial pressure of water vapor in the air of an airtight container enclosing a soil specimen. The filter paper is enclosed with a soil specimen in the airtight container until moisture equilibrium is established; that is, the partial pressure of water vapor in the air is in equilibrium with the vapor pressure of pore-water in the soil specimen.  
1.3 This test method provides a procedure for calibrating different types of filter paper for use in evaluating soil matric and total potential.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sonic drilling is a rapid, primarily dry drilling method (see 5.2), used both in geotechnical applications to avoid hydraulic fracturing, and in environmental site exploration. Geotechnical applications include exploration for tunnels, underground excavations, and installation of instrumentation or structural elements. Sonic drilling methods are used in rocky soils with large diameter casing to obtain continuous samples in materials that are difficult to sample using other methods. It is well suited for projects of a production-orientated nature with a drilling rate faster than most all other drilling methods (Guide D6286). Sonic drilling is used for environmental explorations because sonic drilling offers the benefit of significantly reduced drill cuttings, a major cost element, and reduced drill fluid use and production. Sonic drilling offers rapid formation penetration thereby increasing production. It can reduce fieldwork time generating overall project cost reductions. The continuous core sample recovered provides a representative lithological column for review and analysis. Sonic drilling readily lends itself to environmental instrumentation installation and to in-situ testing. The advantage of a clean cased hole without the use of drilling fluids provides for increased efficiency in instrumentation installation. The ability to cause vibration to the casing string eliminates the complication of monitoring well backfill bridging common to other drilling methods and reduces the risk of casing lockup allowing for easy casing withdrawal during grouting. The clean borehole reduces well development time. Pumping tests can be performed as needed prior to well screen placement to allow for proper screen location. The sonic method is readily utilized in multiple cased well applications which are required to prevent aquifer cross contamination. The installation of inclinometers, vibrating wire piezometers, settlement gauges, and the like can be accomplished efficien...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for using sonic drilling methods in the conducting of subsurface exploration for site characterization and in the installation of subsurface monitoring devices.  
1.2 The use of the sonic drilling method for exploration and monitoring-device installation may often involve preliminary site research and safety planning, administration, and documentation.  
1.3 Soil or Rock samples collected by sonic methods are classed as group A or group B in accordance with Practices D4220. Other sampling methods (Guide D6169) may be used in conjunction with the sonic method to collect samples classed as group C and Group D. Other drilling methods are summarized in Guide D6286.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than in-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this practice.  
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Standard Guide for Packaging and Shipping Environmental Samples for Laboratory Analysis

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4.1 This standard provides guidance in determining the most appropriate procedures for packaging and shipping environmental samples. Use of this guide by personnel involved in packaging and shipping environmental samples will facilitate safe, effective and compliant procedures.  
4.2 Due to the changing nature of regulations and other information, users are advised to thoroughly research requirements related to packaging and shipping prior to initiating a sampling event that will require shipment of the samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance on the selection of procedures for proper packaging and shipment of environmental samples to the laboratory for analysis to ensure compliance with appropriate regulatory programs and protection of sample integrity during shipment.  
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ASTM D4646-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for 24 h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia's sorption affinity for given solutes in environmental waters or leachates. A large number of samples may be run in parallel using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24 h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial, light, or hydrolytic degradation which may be a problem in longer timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.  
5.2 While this test method may be useful in determining 24 h Kd values for nonvolatile organic constituents, interlaboratory testing has been carried out only for the nonvolatile inorganic species arsenic and cadmium (see Section 12). However, the procedure has been tested for single-laboratory precision with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is believed to be useful for all stable and nonvolatile inorganic and organic constituents. This test method is not considered appropriate for volatile constituents.  
5.3 The 24 h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd; however, the calculated Kd value should be considered a non-equilibrium measurement unless steady-state has been determined. To report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18, and 22 h) to ensure that the soluble concentrations in the solution have reached a steady state by 24 h. If a test duration of greater than 24 h is required, refer to Test Method D4319 for an alternate procedure of longer duration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Practice D3987 shake extraction method.  
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not simulate sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.  
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2993-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Potential Hazard in Buildings as a Result of Methane in the Vadose Zone

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Several different factors should be taken into consideration when evaluating methane hazard, rather than, for example, use of a single concentration-based screening level as a de-facto hazard assessment level. Key variables are identified and briefly discussed in this section. Legal background information is provided in Appendix X3. The Bibliography includes references where more detailed information can be found on the effect of various parameters on gas concentrations.  
5.2 Application—This guide is intended for use by those undertaking an assessment of hazards to people and property as a result of subsurface methane suspected to be present based on due diligence or other site evaluations (see 6.1.1).  
5.2.1 This guide addresses shallow methane, including its presence in the vadose zone; at residential, commercial, and industrial sites with existing construction; or where development is proposed.  
5.3 This guide provides a consistent, streamlined process for deciding on action and the urgency of action for the identified hazard. Advantages include:  
5.3.1 Decisions are based on reducing the actual risk of adverse impacts to people and property.  
5.3.2 Assessment is based on collecting only the information that is necessary to evaluate hazard.  
5.3.3 Available resources are focused on those sites and conditions that pose the greatest risk to people and property at any time.  
5.3.4 Response actions are chosen based on the existence of a hazard and are designed to mitigate the hazard and reduce risk to an acceptable level.  
5.3.5 The urgency of initial response to an identified hazard is commensurate with its potential adverse impact to people and property.  
5.4 Limitations—This guide does not address potential hazards from other gases and vapors that may also be present in the subsurface such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and/or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may co-occur with methane. If the presence of hydrogen sulfide or other...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a consistent basis for assessing methane in the vadose zone, evaluating hazard and risk, determining the appropriate response, and identifying the urgency of the response.  
1.2 Purpose—This guide covers techniques for evaluating potential hazards associated with methane present in the vadose zone beneath or near existing or proposed buildings or other structures (for example, potential fires or explosions within the buildings or structures), when such hazards are suspected to be present based on due diligence or other site evaluations (see 6.1.1). Buildings in this context include normal below grade utilities associated with a building.  
1.3 Objectives—This guide: (1) provides a practical and reasonable industry standard for evaluating, prioritizing, and addressing potential methane hazards based on mass flow and (2) provides a tool for screening out low-risk sites.  
1.4 This guide offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service should be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM International consensus process.  
1.5 Not addressed by this guide are:  
1.5.1 Requirements or guidance or both with respect to methane sampling or evaluation in federal, state, or local regulations. Users are cautioned that federal, state, and local guidance may impose specific requirements that differ from those of this guide;  
1.5.2 Safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this sta...

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ASTM
ASTM E3361-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Estimating Natural Attenuation Rates for Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Guidance on management of NAPL sites and a large body of research effort contributing to their development (for example, ITRC 2018 (1); CRC CARE 2018 (2); CL:AIRE 2019 (3) and CRC CARE 2020 (4)) point to the significance of natural attenuation and NSZD in the evolution of NAPL source and the resulting distributions of COCs in soil, groundwater and vapor.  
4.2 Examples of reported ranges in estimated natural attenuation rates are 300 – 7700 gallons of NAPL/acre/year (Garg et al. 2017 (5)); and 0.4 – 280 metric tons of NAPL/year (CRC CARE 2020 (4)).  
4.3 The intent of this guide is to provide a standardized approach for the estimation of natural attenuation rates for NAPL in the subsurface. The rates can be used for establishing a baseline metric for those involved in the remedial decision-making process. There is a need for a systematic approach and refinement in data collection and interpretation for quantifying the spatially and temporally variable rates. Providing quality assurance in estimation of this metric will enable the assessment of relatively more engineered remedies as compared to natural remedies or MNA (Fig. 1), as well as estimation of the remediation timeframe. This comparison, when performed through a standardized approach, can lead to actionable metrics for transition to sustainable remedies through well-defined and transparent criteria. In the context of a spectrum of remediation options in terms of engineered and natural remedies (Fig. 1), the transition is from a relatively more engineered (or active remediation) to a relatively more nature-based remedy. When considered in the remedial decision-making process, estimates of natural attenuation rates can be used:  
4.3.1 Before active remediation (as baseline to assess whether active remediation is needed);  
4.3.2 During active remediation (as performance/optimization metric); and  
4.3.3 At the end of active remediation (support transition to MNA or site closure).  
4.4 Since natural ...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriate method or combination of methods for the estimation of natural attenuation or depletion rates at sites with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination in the subsurface. This guide builds on a number of existing guidance documents worldwide and incorporates the advances in methods for estimating the natural attenuation rates.  
1.2 The guide is focused on hydrocarbon chemicals of concern (COCs) that include petroleum hydrocarbons derived from crude oil (for example, motor fuels, jet oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils) and other hydrocarbon NAPLs (for example, creosote and coal tars). While much of what is discussed may be relevant to other organic chemicals, the applicability of the standard to other NAPLs, like chlorinated solvents or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is not included in this guide.  
1.3 This guide is intended to evaluate the role of NAPL natural attenuation towards reaching the remedial objectives and/or performance goals at a specific site; and the selection of an appropriate remedy, including remediation through monitoring of natural or enhanced attenuation, or the remedy transition to natural mechanisms. While the evaluation can support some aspects of site characterization, the development of the conceptual site model and risk assessment, it is not intended to replace risk assessment and mitigation, such as addressing potential impact to human health or environment, or need for source control.  
1.4 Estimation of NAPL natural attenuation rates in the subsurface relies on indirect measurements of environmental indicators and their variation in time and space. Available methods described in this standard are based on evaluation of biogeochemical reactions and physical transport processes combined with data analysis to infer and quantify the natural attenuation rates for NAPL present in the vadose and/or saturated zones.  
1.5...

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