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ASTM D976-21e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels

Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Calculated Cetane Index is one tool available for estimating ASTM cetane number where a test engine is not available for determining this property. It may be employed for approximating cetane number where the quantity of sample is too small for an engine rating. In cases where the cetane number of a fuel has been initially established, the index is useful as a cetane number check on subsequent samples of that fuel, provided its source and mode of manufacture remain unchanged.  
4.2 Test Method D4737 may also be used to approximate the ASTM cetane number of diesel fuels.  
4.2.1 Procedure A of Test Method D4737 was developed as a result of a larger degree of offset between Test Method D976 Cetane Index and the results of Test Method D613 over the entire range of the correlation. Generally, it has been found that use of Test Method D4737 results in less offset than use of Test Method D976, but there can be specific cases where this is not true.  
4.2.2 Procedure A of Test Method D4737 is recommended to estimate the cetane number of diesel fuels with sulfur contents above 500 ppm or No. 1–D diesel fuels.  
4.2.3 Procedure B of Test Method D4737 is recommended to estimate the cetane number of No. 2–D diesel fuels with sulfur contents at or below 500 ppm.  
4.3 Calculated Cetane Index, as described in Test Method D976–80, is recognized by the United States EPA as an alternative method to meet the U.S. Federal Diesel aromatics limit for diesel fuels containing less than 500 ppm sulfur. The equation for Calculated Cetane Index in Test Method D976–80 and in this version (D976–06) of the test method are the same.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the Calculated Cetane Index formula, which represents a means for directly estimating the ASTM cetane number of distillate fuels from API gravity and mid-boiling point. The index value, as computed from the formula, is termed the Calculated Cetane Index.2  
1.2 The Calculated Cetane Index is not an optional method for expressing ASTM cetane number. It is a supplementary tool to estimate cetane number when used with due regard for its limitations.  
1.3 The Calculated Cetane Index formula is particularly applicable to straight-run fuels, catalytically cracked stocks, and blends of the two.
Note 1: This test method is temporarily retained because the proposal to the U.S. EPA to control diesel fuel aromatics concentrations via a 40 Calculated Cetane Index minimum is based on the correlation between Test Method D976 and aromatics concentration. Test Method D4737 is the preferred method as estimator of cetane number.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2021
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.E0 - Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D976-21e1 - Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate FuelsASTM D976-21e1 - Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels
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ASTM D976-21e1 - Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D976 − 21
Standard Test Method for
1
Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D976; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially updated adjunct information in February 2023.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 This test method covers the Calculated Cetane Index 2.1 ASTM Standards:
formula, which represents a means for directly estimating the D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
ASTM cetane number of distillate fuels from API gravity and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
mid-boiling point. The index value, as computed from the D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
2
formula, is termed the Calculated Cetane Index. Petroleum Products (Hydrometer/Method)
D613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
1.2 The Calculated Cetane Index is not an optional method
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
for expressing ASTM cetane number. It is a supplementary tool
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
to estimate cetane number when used with due regard for its
ucts by Hydrometer Method
limitations.
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
1.3 The Calculated Cetane Index formula is particularly
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
applicable to straight-run fuels, catalytically cracked stocks,
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
and blends of the two.
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
NOTE 1—This test method is temporarily retained because the proposal
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
to the U.S. EPA to control diesel fuel aromatics concentrations via a 40
Fuels, and Lubricants
Calculated Cetane Index minimum is based on the correlation between
D4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four
Test Method D976 and aromatics concentration. Test Method D4737 is the
preferred method as estimator of cetane number.
Variable Equation
4
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Nomograph for Calculated Cetane Index
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Terminology D4175.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4. Significance and Use
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.1 The Calculated Cetane Index is one tool available for
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
estimating ASTM cetane number where a test engine is not
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
available for determining this property. It may be employed for
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
approximating cetane number where the quantity of sample is
too small for an engine rating. In cases where the cetane
number of a fuel has been initially established, the index is
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
useful as a cetane number check on subsequent samples of that
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels. fuel, provided its source and mode of manufacture remain
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published November 2021. Originally
unchanged.
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D976 – 06 (2016).
DOI: 10.1520/D0976-21E01.
2 3
A method of calculating cetane index was developed by the Diesel Fuels For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Division, Coordinating Fuel and Equipment Research Committee of the Coordinat- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ing Research Council. See Young, H. D., “Methods for Estimating Cetane Number,” Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Proceedings, PPIRA, American Petroleum Institute, Vol. 30 M [III], 1950. This the ASTM website.
4
method was revised in 1960 by Research Division I of Committee D0
...

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This specification covers Grade 82 unleaded aviation gasoline for use only in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use this fuel. Aviation gasoline shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline or blends thereof, with specific aliphatic ethers, synthetic hydrocarbons, or aromatic hydrocarbons, and when applicable, methyl tertiarybutyl ether (MTBE). They may also contain antioxidants (oxidation inhibitors), metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, and fuel system icing inhibitors. The gasoline shall be tested and conform accordingly to the following property requirements: lean mixture knock value and motor method octane number; color; blue and red dye content; distillation temperature at % evaporated, end point, and residue content; distillation recovery; distillation loss; net heat of combustion; freezing point; vapor pressure; lead content; copper strip corrosion; sulfur content; potential gum; and alcohols and ether content (aliphatic ethers, methanol, and ethanol).
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5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended.  
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This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.  
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ABSTRACT
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
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1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7544-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel

ABSTRACT
This specification details the physical and chemical requirements for pyrolysis liquid biofuels produced from biomass that are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of fuels. The type of biofuel covered here is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications. It shall remain uniform in medium-term storage and shall not separate into layers due to gravity. Properly sampled test specimens shall undergo test procedures to determine their adherence to the following requirements: gross heat of combustion; water content; pyrolysis solids content; kinematic viscosity; density; sulfur content; ash content; pH; flash point; and pour point.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquid biofuel produced from biomass intended for use in various types of fuel-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade G in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade G in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications.  
1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrial burners requiring lower solids and ash content and which are equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade D in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, engines, or marine applications not modified to handle these types of fuels.
Note 1: For information on the significance of the physical, chemical, and performance properties identified in this specification, see Appendix X1.  
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers of this type of fuel.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observance of national or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.
Note 2: The generation and dissipation of static electricity may create problems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—BTU units are included for information only in 3.2.3.1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3241-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine operation and can be used to assess the level of deposits that form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surface that is at a specified temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating the tendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decomposition products within the fuel system.  
1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined only in terms of this test method.  
1.3 The deposition values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the referee value.  
1.4 The pressure values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The psi comparison is included for operational safety with certain older instruments that cannot report pressure in SI units.  
1.5 No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.1, 7.3, 12.1.1, and Annex A6.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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