ASTM D2140-97

Standard Test Method for Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin

SCOPE
1.1 This test method may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The test method is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.  
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (r) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and specific gravity, and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.  
1.3 This test method is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Apr-1997
• ICS: 75.080 - Petroleum products in general
• ICS: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
• Technical Committee: D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
• Drafting Committee: D27.07 - Physical Test

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D2140-03 - Standard Test Method for Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2003
• Referred By: ASTM D2501-14(2019) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1997
• Referred By: ASTM D2864-21a - Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1997
• Referred By: ASTM E1519-16(2020) - Standard Terminology Relating to Agricultural Tank Mix Adjuvants
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1997
• Referred By: ASTM D117-22 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1997
• Referred By: ASTM D3612-02(2017) - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved in Electrical Insulating Oil by Gas Chromatography
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1997

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D 2140–97
Standard Test Method for
Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum
Origin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
1.1 This test method may be used to determine the carbon-
D 1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with
(Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicap-
basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it
illary Pycnometer
eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and
D 2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber
purification procedures. The test method is applicable to oils
Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum De-
having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and
rived Oils by the Clay Gel Absorption Chromatographic
0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.
Method
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of
D 2501 Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity
aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and
Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained
D 3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution
from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity
and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (r) of the oil are
i
N-D-M Method
known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific grav-
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
ity), and refractive index are the only experimental data
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
required for use of this test method.
1.3 This test method is useful for determining the carbon-
3. Terminology
type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types
3.1 Definitions:
commonly used in electric power transformers and transmis-
3.1.1 percent of aromatic carbons (% C )—the weight
A
sioncables.Itisprimarilyintendedforusewithnewoils,either
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
inhibited or uninhibited.
combined in aromatic ring-type structures.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 percent of naphthenic carbons (% C )—the weight
N
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
combined in naphthenic ring-type structures.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 percent of paraffınic carbons (% C )—the weight
P
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
2. Referenced Documents combined in paraffinic chain-type structures.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—The resolution of carbon atoms into structural classifications
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen- is independent of whether the structures exist as separate molecules or are
combined with other structural forms in a molecule. For example, a
eral Bomb Method)
paraffinic chain may be either an aliphatic hydrocarbon molecule, or may
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
be an alkyl group attached to an aromatic or naphthenic ring.
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
Viscosity)
4. Summary of Test Method
D 923 Test Method for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liq-
4.1 Asample of the oil to be analyzed by this method is first
uids
tested to determine its viscosity, density and relative density
(specific gravity), and refractive index. From these measured
properties the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractiv-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-27 on
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gasesand is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
ity intercept (r) are obtained by calculation, using the equa-
i
mittee D27.07 on Physical Tests.
tions given.The calculated values ofVGC and r are used with
i
Current edition approved April 10, 1997. Published January 1998. Originally
published as D 2140 – 63 T. Last previous edition D 2140 – 91.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
3 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2140–97
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining% C ,% C , and% C (See Appendix)
A N P
Fig. 1, to correlate those parameters with carbon-type compo- relationship between the two methods and the equations used
sition. The composition in terms of % C ,% C , and % C in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.
A N P
may be read directly from Fig. 1. 5.3 Although this test method tends to give consistent
results, it may not compare with direct measurement test
NOTE 2—Fig. 1 is a form of correlation chart that has been found
methods such as Test Method D 2007.
satisfactory for use with this method. Other chart forms may be devised
and used in preference to Fig. 1 if it is determined that the data obtained
6. Apparatus
are consistent with similar data from Fig. 1.
6.1 No specific apparatus is required for use by this test
5. Significance and Use
method. However, to obtain the VGC and r parameters of Fig.
i
5.1 The primary purpose of this test method is to character- 1, certain measurements of basic physical properties of the test
ize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable oil must be made. The apparatus required for those measure-
in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining mentsisasspecifiedinotherASTMtestmethodsasdetailedin
processes such as solvent extraction, acid treatment, etc. It has Section 7.
secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil
to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related
Kurtz, S. S., King, R. W., Stout, W. J., Partikian, D. G., and Skrabek, E. A.,
to oil composition.
“Relationship Between Carbon-Type Composition, Viscosity-Gravity Constant, and
5.2 Results obtained by this method are similar to, but not
RefractivityInterceptofViscousFractionsofPetroleum,”AnalyticalChemistry,Vol
identical with, results obtained from Test Method D 3238. The 28, pp 1928–1936 (1956).
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2140–97
tal oils, or whenever the true sulfur content
...