ASTM D6169-98(2005)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigations
Standard Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigations
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Direct observation of the subsurface by the collection of soil and rock samples is an essential part of site characterization for environmental purposes (see 7.1.7 of Guide D5730). This guide provides information on the major types of soil and rock sampling devices used on drill rigs to assist in selection of devices that are suitable for known site geologic conditions, and provide samples that meet project objectives. This guide should not be used as a substitute for consulting with someone experienced in sampling soil or rock in similar formations before determining the best method and type of sampling.
This guide should be used in conjunction with Guides D2113 and D6151 and drilling method-specific guides (see Guides D5781, D5782, D5783, D5784, D5872, D5875 and D5876) as part of developing a detailed site investigation and sampling plan (see 5.1.5 of Guide D5730) for sites that require mobilization of a drill rig for subsurface investigations. The selection of drilling methods and sampling devices goes hand-in-hand. In some cases soil sample requirements may influence choice of drilling method, or conversely, types of available drill rigs may influence choice of sampling devices.
This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D5434 for field logging of soil and rock samples, Practice D5911 for data elements to identify a soil sampling site, and where appropriate, Practice D4220, for preserving and transporting soil samples, Practice D5070 for preserving and transporting rock core samples, Practice D3694 for preparation of sample containers and for preservation of organic constituents, and Practice 5088D5088 for decontamination of field equipment used at nonradioactive waste sites.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers guidance for the selection of soil and rock sampling devices used with drill rigs for the purpose of characterizing in situ physical and hydraulic properties, chemical characteristics, subsurface lithology, stratigraphy and structure, and hydrogeologic units in environmental investigations.
1.2 This guide does not specifically address selection of soil sampling devices for use with direct-push sampling systems, but the information in this guide on thick-wall and thin-wall samplers is generally applicable to direct-push soil sampling.
1.3 This guide should be used in conjunction with referenced ASTM guides, practices, and methods on drilling techniques for geoenvironmental investigations and use of sampling devices referenced in 2.1, and with Guide D5730.
1.4 This guide does not address selection of sampling devices for hand-held soil sampling equipment, and soil sample collection with solid-stem augering devices, or collection of grab samples or hand-carved block samples from accessible excavations. Refer to Appendix X1.2 for guidance on these topics. This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D4700 when thin-walled, split barrel, ring-lined barrel and piston samplers with solid- and hollow-stem augers are used in the unsaturated zone.
1.5 This guide does not address devices for collecting cores from submerged sediments or sampling devices for solid wastes. Refer to Guide D4823 for guidance on these topics.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. However, dimensions of materials used in the drilling industry are given in English units by convention, therefore, English units are used where necessary in this guide.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education and experience and should be used in conjunction with profess...
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Designation: D6169 − 98(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Guide for
Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With
Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6169; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This guide covers guidance for the selection of soil and
1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information
rock sampling devices used with drill rigs for the purpose of
or series of options and does not recommend a specific course
characterizing in situ physical and hydraulic properties, chemi-
of action. This document cannot replace education and expe-
cal characteristics, subsurface lithology, stratigraphy and
rience and should be used in conjunction with professional
structure, and hydrogeologic units in environmental investiga-
judgement. The word “Standard” in the title of this document
tions.
means that the document has been approved through theASTM
1.2 This guide does not specifically address selection of soil
consensus process.
sampling devices for use with direct-push sampling systems,
2. Referenced Documents
but the information in this guide on thick-wall and thin-wall
samplers is generally applicable to direct-push soil sampling.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D657 Specification for Isopropyl Acetate (Withdrawn
1.3 This guide should be used in conjunction with refer-
1977)
enced ASTM guides, practices, and methods on drilling tech-
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
niques for geoenvironmental investigations and use of sam-
Borings
pling devices referenced in 2.1, and with Guide D5730.
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
1.4 This guide does not address selection of sampling
Barrel Sampling of Soils
devices for hand-held soil sampling equipment, and soil
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
sample collection with solid-stem augering devices, or collec-
Geotechnical Purposes
tion of grab samples or hand-carved block samples from
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
accessible excavations. Refer to Appendix X1.2 for guidance
Rock for Site Investigation
on these topics. This guide should be used in conjunction with
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
Guide D4700 when thin-walled, split barrel, ring-lined barrel
Drive Sampling of Soils
and piston samplers with solid- and hollow-stem augers are
D3694 Practices for Preparation of Sample Containers and
used in the unsaturated zone.
for Preservation of Organic Constituents
1.5 This guide does not address devices for collecting cores
D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
from submerged sediments or sampling devices for solid
Samples
wastes. Refer to Guide D4823 for guidance on these topics.
D4452 Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples
D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-
standard.However,dimensionsofmaterialsusedinthedrilling
dated Sediments
industry are given in English units by convention, therefore,
D5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core
English units are used where necessary in this guide.
Samples
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Wall Permeameter
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 onSoil and Rock For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.21onGroundwaterandVadose contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Zone Investigations Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published February 2005. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D6169–98. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D6169-98R05. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6169 − 98 (2005)
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment and materials for sampling devices and containers are selected
Used at Waste Sites to avoid chemical alteration.
D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations
3.2.3 clearance ratio (inside)—the difference between in-
of Soil and Rock
side diameter of the sampling tube and inside diameter of
D5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental
cutting edge or shoe divided by the inside diameter of the
Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone
cutting shoe or edge.
and Ground Water
3.2.3.1 Discussion—refer to Hvorslev (1) and Paikowsky
D5781 Guide for Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation
et al. (2) for appropriate formulas for calculating wall area
Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Instal-
ratio.
lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
3.2.4 core—for the purposes of this guide, a cylindrical
D5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for
sample of soil or rock obtained by means of a thick-wall,
Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
thin-wall, or rotating core sampler.
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
3.2.5 cuttings—for the purposes of this guide, soil material
D5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-
or small-sized rock fragments brought to the surface in the air
Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration
orfluidstreamofarotarydrillrig,bailingfromacabletoolrig,
and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitor-
sticking to drill bits or auger flights, or as return from auger
ing Devices
flights. See 8.3.
D5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvi-
3.2.6 direct push sampling system—for the purposes of this
ronmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface
guide, a subsurface sampling system using samplers generally
Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
2 in. (50 mm) in diameter or less that use hand-held percussion
D5872 Guide for Use of Casing Advancement Drilling
driving devices, or mobile hydraulic, vibratory or percussion
Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-
drivesystemsthataremountedtoasmalltruck,van,all-terrain
tion of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
vehicle (ATV), trailer, skid, or drill rig.
D5875 Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and Sampling
Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-
3.2.7 drill rig—for the purposes of this guide, a land-based
tion of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
wheeled, ATV, or skid-mounted assembly or offshore or barge
D5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing
mounted assembly capable of drilling boreholes and collecting
Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental
soilorrocksampleswithadiametergenerallygreaterthan2in.
Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality
(50 mm) using rotary, drive, push, or vibratory advancement
Monitoring Devices
methods.
D5911 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to
3.2.8 drill-rod core sampling—a sampling process in which
Identify a Soil Sampling Site
a fixed drill rod assembly advances a thick-wall or thin-wall
D6151 PracticeforUsingHollow-StemAugersforGeotech-
sampler or a rotating drill rod assembly advances a rotating
nical Exploration and Soil Sampling
core samplers.
3.2.9 group A—samples for which only general visual
3. Terminology
identification is necessary (see Practices D4220).
3.1 Definitions—Terminology used within this guide is in
3.2.10 group B—samples for which only water content and
accordance with Terminology D653 except as noted below.
classification tests, proctor and relative density, or profile
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: logging is required and bulk samples that will be remolded or
compacted into specimens for swell pressure, percent swell,
3.2.1 borehole grab sampler—a sampling device with a
consolidation, permeability, shear testing, CBR, stabilimeter,
cutting head that advances by rotation and collects a sample by
etc. (see Practices D4220).
scraping side or bottom rather than coring. See Section 8.1
3.2.10.1 Discussion—Group B samples are disturbed, re-
3.2.2 chemically undisturbed core sample—a soil or rock
molded samples used primarily for engineering properties
core sample in which the sampling device, collection and
tests.
handling procedures result in preservation of the chemical
3.2.11 group C—intact, natural formed or field fabricated,
properties to a degree that satisfies the purpose for which the
samples for density determination; or for swell pressure,
sample was taken.
percent swell, consolidation, permeability testing and shear
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Fornonsensitivechemicalconstituents,
testing with or without stress-strain and volume change mea-
representative samples will generally provide chemically un-
surements, to include dynamic and cyclic testing (see Practices
disturbed samples. Nonrepresentative samples may also be
D4220).
chemically undisturbed, but are generally not suitable for
3.2.11.1 Discussion—Group C samples are undisturbed
analysis because of their uncertain integrity, location or origin.
samples used primarily for engineering properties tests. Some
For sensitive chemical constituents, special sample collection
of these tests, such as bulk density and permeability are useful
and handling procedures are generally required to obtain
chemically undisturbed samples as discussed in 6.4 and 6.10.
Physically undisturbed samples will generally provide chemi-
The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at the
cally undisturbed samples provided that sampling technique, end of the text.
D6169 − 98 (2005)
for environmental investigations. Additional physical and hy- sampling devices, but as discussed in 6.2, thick-wall samplers
drologic properties that require Group C type samples are may be satisfactory for some objectives.
identified in Table 1.
3.2.16 piston core sampler—a thin-wall or, less commonly,
3.2.12 group D—samples that are fragile or highly sensitive
thick-wall sampling device in which the inner piston is held in
for which tests in Group C are required (see Practices D4220).
a fixed position and the cutting head and outer barrel is
advanced mechanically or hydraulically into the soil. See 7.5.
3.2.13 liner—cylindrical tubes or rings made of metal or
plasticplacedinsideacoresamplingdevicetofacilitatesample
3.2.17 representative soil sample—a soil sample from a
retrieval and handling.
knownsubsurfaceintervalinwhichsomestructuralfeaturesdo
notsurvivebutotherproperties,suchasmoisturecontent,grain
3.2.14 nonrepresentative sample—a soil sample that con-
size and gradation and chemical characteristics of the sample
sists of drill cuttings of uncertain integrity, location or origin,
interval are preserved; suitable for mechanical and chemical
or other incomplete or contaminated portions of subsurface
analysis for nonsensitive chemical constituents, and lithologic
materials; generally not suitable for testing or analysis (3).
logging. (Adapted from U.S. Geological Survey, 1980). See
3.2.15 physically undisturbed core sample—a soil or rock
discussion in 6.3.
core sample in which the sampling device, collection and
3.2.17.1 Discussion—This definition follows general usage
handling procedures result in preservation of the in situ
in the geologic profession, and differs from the definition of
physical and hydraulic properties (such as, structure, density,
representative sample in the statistical sense. The sample is
and moisture content) to a degree that satisfies the purpose for
only representative of the subsurface material encountered by
which the sample was taken.
the sampler and is not necessarily representative of the
3.2.15.1 Discussion—Group C and D core samples are
formation being sampled. Sample representativeness in the
physically undisturbed. Generally collection of undisturbed
latter sense needs to be addressed in the sample design that
samples require use of thin-wall or double-tube rotating core
defines the specific location of sampling.
3.2.18 rotating core sampler—a rotating cylindrical sampler
TABLE 1 General Sample-Type Requirements for Measurement of
Physical and Chemical Properties
with a coring bit that cuts away soil or rock material from
Physically Chemically around the core. See 7.6.
Tests to be Performed Representative
Undisturbed Undisturbed
3.2.19 sensitive chemical constituents—chemical species or
Physical/Hydrologic Properties
compounds for which the composition or concentration in soil
Hydraulic Conductivity X . . . . . .
Specific Yield X . . . . . .
may change rapidly in soil in response to disturbance, or
Pressure Head (Matric Potential) X . . . . . .
interaction with sample container materials, due to processes
A
Moisture Characteristic Functions X . X
such as volatilization, degassing, microbial action or abiotic
Water Content . . . . . . X
Particle Size Distribution . . . . . . X
oxidation-reduction reactions.
Bulk Density/Porosity X . . . . . .
Strength Properties X . . . . . . 3.2.20 thick-wall sampler—a core sampler that does not
Compressibility X . . . . . .
satisfy the requirements for collection of undisturbed Group C
Mineralogy
and D samples.
Gross Mineralogy . . . . . . X
Soil Thin Section X . . . . . .
3.2.20.1 Discussion—Generally, samplers with a wall area
Micromorphology
ratio greater than 15 % (see Table 2 for additional specifica-
Surface Properties
tions. Typical thick wall samplers are found in Test Method
Ion Exchange Capacity . . . X . . .
Sorption (Batch Tests) . . . X . . .
D1586 and Practice D3550. See 7.3.
Sorption (Flow-Through Tests) X . . . . . .
Sorption Site Density . . . X . . . 3.2.21 thin-wall sampler—a sampler that meets the specifi-
Surface Area . . . . . . X
cations in Practice D1587. See 7.4.
B
Nonsensitive Chemical Constituents
Most Total Elemental . . . . . . X
3.2.22 undisturbed sample—a soil sample that has been
Concentrations
obtained by methods in which every precaution has been taken
Carbonate . . . . . . X
to min
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