ASTM C1131-20
(Practice)Standard Practice for Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert, Storm Sewer, and Sanitary Sewer Systems
Standard Practice for Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert, Storm Sewer, and Sanitary Sewer Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The significance of the LCA method is that it is a comprehensive technique for taking into account all relevant monetary values over the project design life and provides a measure of the total cost of the material, system, or structure.
3.2 The LCA method can be effectively applied in both the preconstruction and bid stages of projects. After bids are taken, real costs can be used instead of estimates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle) analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed for use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, and sanitary sewer systems.
Note 1: As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, but are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings, concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet and dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.
1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement, and cost deductions for any residual value at the end of the proposed project design life.
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCA method determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all initial and future costs over the project design life, and deducts any residual value.
1.4 Major factors in the LCA method include project design life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1131 − 20
Standard Practice for
Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert, Storm
1
Sewer, and Sanitary Sewer Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1131; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.1.2.1 Discussion—Current dollars are costs stated at price
levels in effect whenever the costs are incurred. In the absence
1.1 Thispracticecoversproceduresforleastcost(lifecycle)
of inflation or deflation, current dollars are equal to constant
analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed
dollars.
foruseintheconstructionofconcreteculvert,stormsewer,and
2.1.3 direct costs—the costs of excavation, removal, and
sanitary sewer systems.
disposal of existing materials, systems, or structures; installa-
NOTE1—Asintendedinthispractice,examplesofanalysesinclude,but
tion and testing of replacements materials, systems, or struc-
are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings,
tures; backfill; surface restoration, traffic rerouting, safety,
concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular
pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet utility relocations; and additional future costs required by new
and dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.
land uses, population growth.
1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with
2.1.4 discount rate—accounts for the time value of money
planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance,
andreflectstheimpartialityofpayingorreceivingadollarnow
rehabilitation, replacement, and cost deductions for any re-
or at a future time.
sidual value at the end of the proposed project design life.
2.1.4.1 Discussion—The discount rate is used to convert
costs occurring at different times to equivalent costs at a
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCAmethod
common time. Discount rates may be expressed in nominal or
determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all
real terms.
initial and future costs over the project design life, and deducts
any residual value.
2.1.5 future costs—costs incurred after a project has been
constructed and operating, such as maintenance, rehabilitation,
1.4 Major factors in the LCAmethod include project design
and replacement costs.
life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.
2.1.6 indirect costs—the costs to the owner that users pay in
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
terms of delayed time.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 2.1.7 inflation rate—an increase in the volume of money
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- and credit relative to available goods and services resulting in
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical a continuing rise in the general price level.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 2.1.7.1 Discussion—In this practice, inflation refers to
2
yearly change in the Producer Price Index (1).
2. Terminology
2.1.8 interest rate—the cost of borrowed money.
2.1 Definitions:
2.1.9 maintenance costs—the annual or periodic direct and
2.1.1 constant dollars—dollars of uniform purchasing
indirect costs of keeping a material, system, or structure
power exclusive of inflation or deflation.
functioning for the project design life; such maintenance does
2.1.1.1 Discussion—Constant dollars are costs stated at
not extend the service life of the material, system, or structure.
price levels for a specific reference year, usually the particular
2.1.10 nominal discount rate—adiscountratethattakesinto
time that the LCA is being conducted.
account both the effects of inflation and the real earning
2.1.2 current dollars—dollars of purchasing power in which
potential of money invested over time.
actual prices are stated, including inflation or deflation.
2.1.10.1 Discussion—When future costs and values are
expressed in current dollars, after having been adjusted for
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete
inflation, a nominal discount rate is used to convert the future
Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2020. Published March 2020. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C1131 – 10(2015).
2
DOI: 10.1520/C1131–20. The boldface numbers
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1131 − 10 (Reapproved 2015) C1131 − 20
Standard Practice for
Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert, Storm
1
Sewer, and Sanitary Sewer Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1131; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle) analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed for
use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, and sanitary sewer systems.
NOTE 1—As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, but are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings,
concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet and
dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.
1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, rehabilitation,
replacement, and cost deductions for any residual value at the end of the proposed project design life.
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCA method determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all initial
and future costs over the project design life, and deducts any residual value.
1.4 Major factors in the LCA method include project design life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Terminology
2.1 Definitions:
2.1.1 constant dollars—dollars of uniform purchasing power exclusive of inflation or deflation.
2.1.1.1 Discussion—
Constant dollars are costs stated at price levels for a specific reference year, usually the particular time that the LCA is being
conducted.
2.1.2 current dollars—dollars of purchasing power in which actual prices are stated, including inflation or deflation.
2.1.2.1 Discussion—
Current dollars are costs stated at price levels in effect whenever the costs are incurred. In the absence of inflation or deflation,
current dollars are equal to constant dollars.
2.1.3 direct costs—the costs of excavation, removal, and disposal of existing materials, systems, or structures; installation and
testing of replacements materials, systems, or structures; backfill; surface restoration, traffic rerouting, safety, utility relocations;
and additional future costs required by new land uses, population growth.
2.1.4 discount rate—accounts for the time value of money and reflects the impartiality of paying or receiving a dollar now or
at a future time.
2.1.4.1 Discussion—
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2015Feb. 1, 2020. Published October 2015March 2020. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20102015 as
ɛ1
C1131 – 10 .(2015). DOI: 10.1520/C1131–10R15.10.1520/C1131–20.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C1131 − 20
The discount rate is used to convert costs occurring at different times to equivalent costs at a common time. Discount rates may
be expressed in nominal or real terms.
2.1.5 future costs—costs incurred after a project has been constructed and operating, such as maintenance, rehabilitation, and
replacement costs.
2.1.6 indirect costs—the costs to the owner that users pay in terms of delayed time.
2.1.7 inflation rate—an increase in the volume of money and credit relative to available goods and services resulting in a
continuing rise in the general price level.
2.1.7.1 Discussion—
2
In this practice, inflation refers to yearly change in the Producer Price Index (1).
2.1.8 interest rate—the cost of borrowed money.
2.1.9 maintenance costs—the annual or periodic direct and indirect costs of keeping a material, system, or structure functioning
for the project design life; such maintenance do
...
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