C13.05 - Special Projects

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The inspection of installed reinforced concrete pipe verifies proper installation of the product and establishes thresholds for comparison further evaluation.  
4.2 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner in preparing project specifications and to identify, evaluate and interpret observations during post installation inspections of pipe.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for inspection and acceptance of installed reinforced concrete pipe by either person-entry, or remote inspection as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.
FIG. 1 Person Entry Inspection  
FIG. 2 Remote Inspection Camera  
1.2 The scope of this specification is intended for installation related observations and assumes that pre-installation inspection has been completed.  
1.3 The reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain and storm sewer pipe shall be manufactured in accordance with Specification C76, C506, C507, C655, C1417, or C1846/C1846M and accepted in accordance with AASHTO R 73. This specification shall only be used for gravity, non-pressure storm drainage applications.  
1.4 Person Entry shall be used unless extenuating circumstances preclude this type inspection. Remote inspection is acceptable for use for pipe diameters of 30 in. [750 mm] and smaller unless otherwise specified by owner or engineer.  
1.5 Access of installed pipe for manual inspection shall follow OSHA 29 CFR PART 1926 SUBPART AA regulations for confined space entry. However, this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This practice does not cover deformation or deflection assessment. Concrete pipe is classified as a rigid structure because they do not bend or deflect appreciably under load before cracking. Due to these facts shape evaluation are of little or no value when evaluating concrete pipe.  
1.7 The values stated in either Imperial/US or [SI units] are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced precast concrete end sections for pipe, herein referred to as “end section(s),” to conform to the owner's requirements.
Note 1: End sections include but are not limited to; flared end sections; sloped end sections; parallel end sections, precast end walls; precast headwalls; etc. (see Fig. 1 for examples); or as designated by the owner.
FIG. 1 Examples of Various Precast End Sections for Pipe
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 2: This specification is a purchasing, manufacturing and acceptance specification and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill or installation. Care should be taken in assuring that the installation conforms to the project construction specifications.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 The values stated in either Imperial/US or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the procedures and test methods for the production of dry cast concrete, defined as very low slump or zero-slump concrete that requires continuous and intense vibration, or mechanical means, or a combination of vibration and mechanical means to consolidate the concrete, enabling immediate removal of the forms from the product. The placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the concrete are not covered by this specification. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious material, water, and admixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly mixed concrete of such quality that the precast product will conform to the test and design requirements of the relevant specification. Materials covered by this specification are the following: cementitious materials (cement, slag cement, fly ash), allowable combinations of cementitious materials, aggregates, and admixtures and blends.
This specification also covers weigh batching and mixing, volumetric batching and continuous mixing, reporting, and strength of the specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the production of dry cast concrete as defined in 3.2.1. Requirements for quality of concrete shall be as hereinafter specified. This specification does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the concrete.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The significance of the LCA method is that it is a comprehensive technique for taking into account all relevant monetary values over the project design life and provides a measure of the total cost of the material, system, or structure.  
3.2 The LCA method can be effectively applied in both the preconstruction and bid stages of projects. After bids are taken, real costs can be used instead of estimates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle) analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed for use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, and sanitary sewer systems.  
Note 1: As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, but are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings, concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet and dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.  
1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement, and cost deductions for any residual value at the end of the proposed project design life.  
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCA method determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all initial and future costs over the project design life, and deducts any residual value.  
1.4 Major factors in the LCA method include project design life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to the ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.
Note 1: The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and the Appendix are currently being reballoted.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C1417.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.  
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this specification.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The inspection of installed reinforced concrete pipe verifies proper installation of the product and establishes thresholds for comparison further evaluation.  
4.2 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner in preparing project specifications and to identify, evaluate and interpret observations during post installation inspections of pipe.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for inspection and acceptance of installed reinforced concrete pipe by either person-entry, or remote inspection as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.
FIG. 1 Person Entry Inspection  
FIG. 2 Remote Inspection Camera  
1.2 The scope of this specification is intended for installation related observations and assumes that pre-installation inspection has been completed.  
1.3 The reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain and storm sewer pipe shall be manufactured in accordance with Specification C76, C506, C507, C655, C1417, or C1846/C1846M and accepted in accordance with AASHTO R 73. This specification shall only be used for gravity, non-pressure storm drainage applications.  
1.4 Person Entry shall be used unless extenuating circumstances preclude this type inspection. Remote inspection is acceptable for use for pipe diameters of 30 in. [750 mm] and smaller unless otherwise specified by owner or engineer.  
1.5 Access of installed pipe for manual inspection shall follow OSHA 29 CFR PART 1926 SUBPART AA regulations for confined space entry. However, this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This practice does not cover deformation or deflection assessment. Concrete pipe is classified as a rigid structure because they do not bend or deflect appreciably under load before cracking. Due to these facts shape evaluation are of little or no value when evaluating concrete pipe.  
1.7 The values stated in either Imperial/US or [SI units] are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This practice is the inch-pound companion to Practice C1479M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The inspection of installed reinforced concrete pipe verifies proper installation of the product and establishes thresholds for comparison further evaluation.  
4.2 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner in preparing project specifications and to identify, evaluate and interpret observations during post installation inspections of pipe.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for inspection and acceptance of installed reinforced concrete pipe by either person-entry, or remote inspection as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.  
1.2 The scope of this specification is intended for installation related observations and assumes that pre-installation inspection has been completed.  
1.3 The reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain and storm sewer pipe shall be manufactured in accordance with Specification C76, C506, C507, C655, or C1417 and accepted in accordance with AASHTO R073. This specification shall only be used for gravity, non-pressure storm drainage applications.  
1.4 Person Entry shall be used unless extenuating circumstances preclude this type inspection. Remote inspection is acceptable for use for pipe diameters of 30 in. [750 mm] and smaller unless otherwise specified by owner or engineer.  
1.5 Access of installed pipe for manual inspection shall follow OSHA 29 CFR PART 1926 SUBPART AA regulations for confined space entry. However, this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This practice does not cover deformation or deflection assessment. Concrete pipe is classified as a rigid structure because they do not bend or deflect appreciably under load before cracking. Due to these facts shape evaluation are of little or no value when evaluating concrete pipe.  
1.7 The values stated in either Imperial/US or [SI units] are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the production of dry cast concrete as defined in 3.2.1. Requirements for quality of concrete shall be either as hereinafter specified or as specified by the owner. In any case where the requirements of the owner differ from those in this specification, the owner's specification shall govern. This specification does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the concrete.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 As used throughout this specification the manufacturer produces precast concrete products. The owner buys precast concrete products  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This practice is the inch-pound companion to Practice C1479M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This practice is the SI companion to Practice C1479.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The significance of the LCA method is that it is a comprehensive technique for taking into account all relevant monetary values over the project design life and provides a measure of the total cost of the material, system, or structure.  
3.2 The LCA method can be effectively applied in both the preconstruction and bid stages of projects. After bids are taken, real costs can be used instead of estimates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle) analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed for use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, and sanitary sewer systems.  
Note 1: As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, but are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings, concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet and dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.  
1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement, and cost deductions for any residual value at the end of the proposed project design life.  
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCA method determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all initial and future costs over the project design life, and deducts any residual value.  
1.4 Major factors in the LCA method include project design life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.  
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this specification.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to the ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.
Note 1: The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and the Appendix are currently being reballoted.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C1417.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.  
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this specification.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to the ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.Note 1—The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and the Appendix are currently being reballoted.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C1417.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.  
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this specification.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to the ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.
Note 1: The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and the Appendix are currently being reballoted.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C1417.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to the ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.Note 1—The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and the Appendix are currently being reballoted.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C1417.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.  
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this specification.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This practice is the inch-pound companion to Practice ; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to the ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.Note 1—The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and the Appendix are currently being reballoted.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C1417.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This practice is the SI companion to Practice C1479.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to the ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.Note 1—The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and the Appendix are currently being reballoted.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C1417.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications. est method can assist in the development of improved grinding-damage-tolerant ceramic materials. It may also be used for quality control purposes to monitor and assure the consistency of a grinding process in the fabrication of parts from advanced ceramic materials. The test method is applicable to grinding methods that generate a planar surface and is not directly applicable to grinding methods that produce non-planar surfaces such as cylindrical and centerless grinding.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This practice is the SI companion to Practice C1479.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.s="caveat">1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. in this standard. The baseline flexure strength is expected to approximate closely the inherent strength of the material. The flexure strength is measured by means of ASTM standard flexure test methods.
FIG. 1 Microcracks Associated with Grinding (Ref. 1)  
1.2 Flexure test methods used to determine the effect of surface grinding are C1161 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures and C1211 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures.  
1.3 Materials covered in this standard are those advanced ceramics that meet criteria specified in flexure testing standards C1161 and C1211.  
1.4 The flexure test methods supporting this standard (C1161 and C1211) require specimens that have a rectangular cross section, flat surfaces, and that are fabricated with specific dimensions and tolerances. Only grinding processes that are capable of generating the specified flat surfaces, i.e. planar grinding modes, are suitable for evaluation by this method. Among the applicable machine types are horizontal and vertical spindle reciprocating surface grinders, horizontal and vertical spindle rotary surface grinders, double disk grinders, and tool-and-cutter grinders. Incremental cross-feed, plunge, and creep-feed grinding methods may be used.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.  
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this specification.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This practice is the inch-pound companion to Practice ; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the manufacture and acceptance of precast reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipes made by direct design. The reinforced concrete should consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, admixtures, and water, in which steel has been embedded in a way that makes the steel and concrete to act together. Joints should be designed and the ends of the pipe sections should be formed so that the pipe sections can be laid end-to-end to make a continuous line of pipes. A line of circumferential reinforcement may be composed of up to two to three layers, depending on the pipe wall thickness and shall be assembled into a cage containing sufficient longitudinal members. All pipes should be tested and made to comply with specified physical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this specification.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to the ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.
Note 1—The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and the Appendix are currently being reballoted.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C1417.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The significance of the LCA method is that it is a comprehensive technique for taking into account all relevant monetary values over the project design life and provides a measure of the total cost of the material, system, or structure.
The LCA method can be effectively applied in both the preconstruction and bid stages of projects. After bids are taken, real costs can be used instead of estimates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle) analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed for use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, and sanitary sewer systems.
Note 1—As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, but are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings, concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet and dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.  
1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement, and cost deductions for any residual value at the end of the proposed project design life.
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCA method determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all initial and future costs over the project design life, and deducts any residual value.  
1.4 Major factors in the LCA method include project design life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The significance of the LCA method is that it is a comprehensive technique for taking into account all relevant monetary values over the project design life and provides a measure of the total cost of the material, system, or structure.
The LCA method can be effectively applied in both the preconstruction and bid stages of projects. After bids are taken, real costs can be used instead of estimates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle) analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed for use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, and sanitary sewer systems.
Note 1—As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, but are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings, concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet and dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.  
1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement, and cost deductions for any residual value at the end of the proposed project design life.
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCA method determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all initial and future costs over the project design life, and deducts any residual value.  
1.4 Major factors in the LCA method include project design life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.
1.2 This practice is the SI companion to Practice C1479.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.
1.2 This practice is the inch-pound companion to Practice C1479M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this practice.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the manufacture and acceptance of precast reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipes made by direct design. The reinforced concrete should consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, admixtures, and water, in which steel has been embedded in a way that makes the steel and concrete to act together. Joints should be designed and the ends of the pipe sections should be formed so that the pipe sections can be laid end-to-end to make a continuous line of pipes. A line of circumferential reinforcement may be composed of up to two to three layers, depending on the pipe wall thickness and shall be assembled into a cage containing sufficient longitudinal members. All pipes should be tested and made to comply with specified physical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C 1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this specification.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to the ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.
Note 1—The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and the Appendix are currently being reballoted.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C 1417.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.
1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification C 1479.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.
1.2 A complete metric companion to this practice has been developed—C 1479M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in this practice.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The significance of the LCA method is that it is a comprehensive technique for taking into account all relevant monetary values over the project design life and provides a measure of the total cost of the material, system, or structure.
The LCA method can be effectively applied in both the preconstruction and bid stages of projects. After bids are taken, real costs can be used instead of estimates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle) analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed for use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, and sanitary sewer systems.
Note 1—As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, but are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings, concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet and dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.
1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement, and cost deductions for any residual value at the end of the proposed project design life.
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCA method determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all initial and future costs over the project design life, and deducts any residual value.
1.4 Major factors in the LCA method include project design life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.
1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification C 1479.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.
1.2 A complete metric companion to this practice has been developed—C 1479M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in this practice.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.