ASTM E2033-99(2006)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
Standard Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The X-, gamma-ray detector discussed in this practice is a storage phosphor imaging plate, hereafter referred to as SPIP. The SPIP, which is the key component in the CR process, differentiates CR from other radiologic methods. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract and must be supplemented by a detailed procedure (see Section 6 and Annex A1 and Annex A2).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers application details for computed radiology (CR) examination using a process in which photostimulable luminescence is emitted by the penetrating radiation detector, a storage phosphor imaging plate (SPIP). Because the techniques involved and the applications for CR examination are diverse, this practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive, but rather to address the general applications of the technology and thereby facilitate its use. Refer to Guides E 94 and E 2007, Terminology E 1316, and Practices E 747 and E 1025, and 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96 for additional information and guidance.
1.2 The general principles discussed in this practice apply broadly to penetrating radiation CR systems. However, this document is written specifically for use with X-ray and gamma-ray systems. Other CR systems, such as those employing neutrons, will involve equipment and application details unique to such systems.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see Section and 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.
1.3 PurposeThis annex is to be used in conjunction with Practice E 2033. It permits the use of, and gives guidance on, the implementation of CR examination for materials, components, and assemblies, when specified in the contract documents. The requirements described herein allow the use of CR for new applications as well as to replace radiology when inspection coverage, greater throughput, or improved inspection economics can be obtained, provided a satisfactory level of image quality can be demonstrated.
1.4 Application This annex provides guidelines for a written procedure as required in of Practice E 2033. Should the requirements in this annex conflict with any other requirements of Practice E 2033, then this annex takes precedence. The requirements of this annex are intended to control the quality of the examination and not to specify the accept/reject criteria. Accept/reject criteria are provided in other contract documents.
1.5 PurposeThis annex is to be used in conjunction with Practice E 2033. This annex includes application-specific details as may be agreed upon by the purchaser and the supplier of CR examination services.
1.6 Application This annex satisfies the requirements of of Practice E 2033. Should this annex conflict with any other requirements of Practice E 2033, this annex shall prevail. The requirements of this annex are intended to control the quality of the examination and not to specify the accept/reject criteria for the part. Accept/reject criteria are provided in other contract documents.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2033 − 99(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Practice for
Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2033; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
2 Used for Radiology
1.1 This practice covers application details for computed
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
radiology (CR) examination using a process in which photo-
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
stimulableluminescenceisemittedbythepenetratingradiation
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
detector,astoragephosphorimagingplate(SPIP).Becausethe
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
techniques involved and the applications for CR examination
E1453Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that
are diverse, this practice is not intended to be limiting or
Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
restrictive, but rather to address the general applications of the
E1475Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of
technology and thereby facilitate its use. Refer to Guides E94
Digital Radiological Examination Data
and E2007, Terminology E1316, and Practices E747 and
E1817Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex-
E1025, and 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96 for addi-
amination by Using Representative Quality Indicators
tional information and guidance.
(RQIs)
1.2 The general principles discussed in this practice apply
E2007Guide for Computed Radiography
broadly to penetrating radiation CR systems. However, this
2.2 ASNT Standards:
document is written specifically for use with X-ray and
SNT-TC-1ARecommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
gamma-ray systems. Other CR systems, such as those employ- 4
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ing neutrons, will involve equipment and application details
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
unique to such systems. 4
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.3 Federal Standards:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Title 21, CFR 1020.40Safety Requirements of Cabinet
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
X-Ray Systems
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Title 29, CFR 1910.96Ionizing Radiation
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
2.4 AIA Standard:
statements, see Section 10 and 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR
NAS-410Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
1910.96. 6
Testing Personnel
2. Referenced Documents
3. Summary of Practice
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 ACRexaminationsystemcanbeusedforawidevariety
E94Guide for Radiographic Examination
of applications.Atypical CR examination system consists of a
E747Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
radiation source, a storage phosphor imaging plate detector, a
plate reader, an electronic imaging system, a digital image
processor, a monitor display, a digital image archiving system,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
and, if desired, equipment for producing hard copy analog
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
images. This practice establishes the basic parameters for the
Radiology (X and Gamma Method).
application and control of the CR method.
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E2033-99. DOI:
10.1520/E2033-99R06.
2 4
ForASMEBoilerandPressureCodeapplications,seerelatedPracticeSE-2033 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate
in Section II of that code. Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
3 5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AvailablefromAerospaceIndustriesAssociationofAmerica,Inc.,1250EyeSt.
the ASTM website. NW, Washington, D.C. 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2033 − 99 (2006)
4. Significance and Use standardizing the video image display as to brightness,
contrast, focus, and linearity.
4.1 TheX-,gamma-raydetectordiscussedinthispracticeis
6.1.5 Accept-Reject Criteria—A listing of the expected
astoragephosphorimagingplate,hereafterreferredtoasSPIP.
kinds of part imperfections and the rejection level for each.
The SPIP, which is the key component in the CR process,
6.1.6 Performance Evaluation—A listing of the qualifica-
differentiates CR from other radiologic methods. This practice
tion tests and the intervals at which they are to be applied to
is written so that it can be specified on the engineering
ensure the system is suitable for its intended purpose.
drawing, specification, or contract and must be supplemented
6.1.7 Image Archiving Requirements—A listing of the
by a detailed procedure (see Section 6 and Annex A1 and
requirements, if any, for preserving a historical record of the
Annex A2).
examination results. The listing may include examination
images along with written or electronically recorded alphanu-
5. Equipment
meric or audio narrative information, or both, sufficient to
5.1 System Configuration—Different examination systems
allowsubsequentreevaluationorrepetitionoftheexamination.
configurations are possible, and it is important to understand
6.1.8 Qualifications—Nondestructivetesting(NDT)person-
the advantages and limitations of each. It is important that the
nel shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recog-
optimum system be selected for each examination requirement
nized NDT personnel qualification practice or a standard such
through a careful analysis of the benefits and limitations of the
as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar
available system components and the chosen system configu-
document.
ration. The provider as well as the user of the examination
services should be fully aware of the capabilities and limita-
7. CR Examination System Performance Considerations
tions of the examination system that is proposed for examina-
and Measurement
tion of the part. The provider and the user of examination
services shall agree upon the system configuration to be used
7.1 Factors Affecting System Performance—Total examina-
for each application under consideration and how its perfor- tion system performance is determined by the combined
mance is to be evaluated.
performance of the system components that includes the
5.1.1 The minimum system configuration will include an radiation source, storage phosphor plate detector, plate reader,
appropriate source of penetrating radiation, a phosphor plate
electronicimageprocessingsystem,imagedisplay,andexami-
detector, a plate reader, and an electronic imaging system with
nation record archiving system.
a CRT display.
7.1.1 Radiation Sources—Examination systems may utilize
5.1.2 A more complex system might include a microfocus
either radioisotope or X-ray sources. The energy spectrum of
X-ray system, a digital image processing evaluation system,
the X-radiation contains a blend of contrast enhancing longer
and an image recording and printing system.
wavelengths as well as the more penetrating, shorter wave-
lengths. X-radiation is adjustable in energy and intensity to
6. General Procedure Considerations
meet the CR examination requirements and has the added
safety feature of discontinued radiation production when
6.1 The purchaser and supplier shall mutually agree upon a
switchedoff.Aradioisotopesourcehastheadvantagesofsmall
written procedure using the applicable annex of supplemental
physical size, portability, simplicity, and uniformity of output.
requirements and also consider the following general require-
7.1.1.1 X-ray machines produce a more intense X-ray beam
ments.
emanating from a smaller focal spot than do radioisotope
6.1.1 Equipment Qualifications—A listing of the system
sources. X-ray focal spot sizes range from a few millimeters
features that must be qualified to ensure that the system is
down to a few micrometers. Reducing the source size reduces
capable of performing the desired examination.
geometric unsharpness, thereby enhancing detail sensitivity.
6.1.2 Source Parameter—A listing of all the radiation
source-related variables that can affect the examination results X-ray sources may offer multiple or variable focal spot sizes.
Smaller focal spots produce higher resolution with reduced
for the selected system configuration such as: source energy,
intensity, focal spot size, range of source to object distances, X-ray beam intensity, while larger focal spots can provide
higherX-rayintensitywithlowerresolution.MicrofocusX-ray
range of object to image plane distances, and source to image
plane distances. tubes are available with focal spots that may be adjusted to as
smallasafewmicrometersindiameterwhilestillproducingan
6.1.3 Image Processing Parameters—Alisting of the image
processing variables, if any, necessary to enhance fine detail X-ray beam of sufficient intensity so as to be useful for the CR
examination of finely detailed parts.
detectability in the part and to achieve the required image
quality.Thesewouldinclude,butarenotlimitedto,techniques 7.1.1.2 Conventional focal spots of 1.0 mm and larger are
such as noise reduction, contrast enhancement, and spatial useful at low geometric magnification values close to 1×.
filtering. Great care should be exercised in the selection of Fractional focal spots ranging from 0.4 mm up to 1.0 mm are
directional image processing parameters such as spatial useful at geometric magnifications up to approximately 2×.
filtering, which may emphasize features in certain orientations Minifocus spots in the range from 0.1 mm up to 0.4 mm are
and suppress them in others. The listing should indicate the useful at geometric magnifications up to about 6×. Greater
means for qualifying image processing parameters. magnificationssuggesttheuseofamicrofocusspotsizeofless
6.1.4 Image Display Parameters—A listing of the tech- than0.1mmtominimizetheeffectsofgeometricunsharpness.
niques and the intervals at which they are to be applied for Microfocus X-ray tubes are capable of focal spot sizes of less
E2033 − 99 (2006)
–8
than 10 µm (10 m) and are useful for geometric magnifica- with Guide E1475 and may be in writing or a voice narrative,
tions of more than 100×. providing the following minimum data:
7.1.2 SPIP—The storage phosphor imaging plate is a key 7.1.7.1 Examination system designation, examination date,
element. It has the function of converting the radiation input operator identification, operating turn or shift, and other
signal containing part information into a corresponding optical pertinent and customer data;
signal while preserving the maximum amount of part informa-
7.1.7.2 Specific examination data as to part number, batch,
tion.The SPIPis a two-dimensional area detector providing an
serial number, and so forth (as applicable);
area field of view.
7.1.7.3 Part orientation and examination site information by
7.1.3 SPIP Reader—The SPIP reader has the function of
reference to unique part features within the field of view; and
optically scanning the imaging plate, collecting the emitted
7.1.7.4 System performance monitoring by recording the
light, converting the light to an electronic signal, then convert-
results of the prescribed examination system performance
ing this signal to a digital format.
monitoring tests, as set forth in Section 5, at the beginning and
7.1.4 Electronic Imaging Processing System:
end of a series of examinations.
7.1.4.1 The function of the electronic imaging processing
7.2 Performance Measurement—System performance pa-
system is to take the output of the SPIP reader and present a
rameters must be determined initially and monitored regularly
digital file for image display and operator interpretation.
to ensure consistent results. The best measure of total CR
7.1.4.2 The electronic imaging processing system includes
examination system performance can be made with the system
all of the electronics and interfaces after the SPIP reader,
in operation, utilizing a representative quality indicator (RQI)
including image enhancement and image display.
similar to the part under actual operating conditions. This
7.1.4.3 The digital image processing system warrants spe-
indicates the use of an actual or simulated part containing
cial attention because it is the means by which examination
actual or simulated features that must be reliably detected.
informationwillbeinterpreted.Greatcaremustbeexercisedin
Such an RQI will provide a reliable indication of the system’s
determining which image processing techniques are most
capabilities. Conventional wire or plaque-type Image Quality
beneficial for the particular application. Directional spatial
Indicators (IQIs) may be used in place of, or in addition to, the
filtering operations, for example, must be given special atten-
RQI. Performance measurement methods are a matter of
tionascertainfeatureorientationsareemphasizedwhileothers
agreement between the provider and user.
are suppressed.
7.2.1 Performance Measurement Intervals—System perfor-
7.1.5 Image Display:
mance measurement techniques should be standardized so that
7.1.5.1 The function of the image display is to convey
performance measurement tests may be readily duplicated at
information about the part to the system operator. The image
specifiedintervals.Systemperformanceshouldbeevaluatedat
display size, spatial resolution, magnification, and ambient
sufficiently frequent intervals, as agreed upon by the supplier
lighting are important system considerations.
and user, to minimize the possibility of time-dependent perfor-
7.1.6 Examination Record Archiving System—Many appli-
mance variations.
cations require an archival quality examination record of the
7.2.2 Measurement with IQIs—System performance mea-
examination. The archiving system may take many forms, a
surement using IQIs shall be in accordance with accepted
few of which are listed in 7.1.6.1 through 7.1.6.5. Each
industry standards describing the use of IQIs. The IQIs should
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