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ASTM D2936-08

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Direct Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens (Withdrawn 2017)

Standard Test Method for Direct Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens (Withdrawn 2017)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Rock is much weaker in tension than in compression. Thus, in determining the failure condition for a rock structure, many investigators employ tensile strength of the component rock as the failure strength for the structure. Direct tensile stressing of rock is the most basic test for determining the tensile strength of rock.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the direct tensile strength of intact cylindrical rock specimens.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values provided in parenthesis are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the direct tensile strength of intact cylindrical rock specimens.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D18 on Soil and Rock, this test method was withdrawn in January 2017 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2008
Withdrawal Date
08-Jan-2017
ICS
91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.12 - Rock Mechanics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2936-95(2004)e1 - Standard Test Method for Direct Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Replaced By
ASTM D2936-20 - Standard Test Method for Direct Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens
Effective Date
01-Jan-2020
Referred By
ASTM D4543-19 - Standard Practices for Preparing Rock Core as Cylindrical Test Specimens and Verifying Conformance to Dimensional and Shape Tolerances
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008

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ASTM D2936-08 - Standard Test Method for Direct Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens (Withdrawn 2017)ASTM D2936-08 - Standard Test Method for Direct Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens (Withdrawn 2017)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2936 − 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Direct Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2936; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 4. Significance and Use
4.1 Rock is much weaker in tension than in compression.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the direct
Thus, in determining the failure condition for a rock structure,
tensile strength of intact cylindrical rock specimens.
many investigators employ tensile strength of the component
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
rock as the failure strength for the structure. Direct tensile
standard. The values provided in parenthesis are for informa-
stressing of rock is the most basic test for determining the
tion only.
tensile strength of rock.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 5.1 Loading Device, to apply and measure axial load on the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
specimen, of sufficient capacity to apply the load at a rate
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. conforming to the requirements of 8.2. The device shall be
verified at suitable time intervals in accordance with the
2. Referenced Documents procedures given in Practices E4 and shall comply with the
requirements prescribed therein.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.2 Caps—Cylindrical metal caps that, when cemented to
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
the specimen ends, provide a means through which the direct
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
tensile load can be applied. The diameter of the metal caps
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
shall not be less than that of the test specimen, nor shall it
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
exceed the test specimen diameter by more than 1.10 times.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1
Caps shall have a thickness of at least 30 mm (1 ⁄4 in.). Caps
D4543 PracticesforPreparingRockCoreasCylindricalTest
shall be provided with a suitable linkage system for load
Specimens and Verifying Conformance to Dimensional
transfer from the loading device to the test specimen. The
and Shape Tolerances
linkage system shall be so designed that the load will be
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
transmitted through the axis of the test specimen without the
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
application of bending or torsional stresses. The length of the
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
linkages at each end shall be at least two times the diameter of
Lot or Process
the metal end caps. One such system is shown in Fig. 1.
3. Summary of Test Method
NOTE 1—Roller of link chain of suitable capacity has been found to
perform quite well in this application. Because roller chain flexes in one
3.1 A rock core sample is cut to length and its ends are
plane only, the upper and lower segments should be positioned at right
cemented to metal caps. The metal caps are attached to a
angles to each other to effectively reduce bending in the specimen.
testing machine and the specimen is loaded in tension until it Ball-and-socket, cable, or similar arrangements have been found to be
generally unsuitable as their tendency for bending and twisting makes the
fails.
assembly unable to transmit a purely direct tensile stress to the test
specimen.
1
6. Sampling
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
6.1 Select the specimen from the cores to represent a valid
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved
´1
average of the type of rock under consideration. This can be
in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D2936 – 95 (2004) . DOI:
10.1520/D2936-08.
achieved by visual observations of mineral constituents, grain
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
sizes and shape, partings, and defects such as pores and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
fissures, or by other methods such as ultrasonic velocity
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. measurements.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 2936–95 Designation: D2936 – 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Direct Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2936; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the direct tensile strength of intact cylindrical rock specimens.
1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values provided in parenthesis are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock Test Methods for Laboratory
Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
2
D4543 Practice for Determining Dimensional and Shape Tolerances of Rock Core Specimens Practices for Preparing Rock
Core as Cylindrical Test Specimens and Verifying Conformance to Dimensional and Shape Tolerances
E4 Practices offor Force Verification of Testing Machines
E122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate the Average Quality of a Lot or Process Practice for Calculating Sample
Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Arock core sample is cut to length and its ends are cemented to metal caps.The metal caps are attached to a testing machine
and the specimen is loaded in tension until it fails.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Rock is much weaker in tension than in compression. Thus, in determining the failure condition for a rock structure, many
investigators employ tensile strength of the component rock as the failure strength for the structure. Direct tensile stressing of rock
is the most basic test for determining the tensile strength of rock.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Loading Device, to apply and measure axial load on the specimen, of sufficient capacity to apply the load at a rate
conforming to the requirements of 8.2. The device shall be verified at suitable time intervals in accordance with the procedures
given in Practices E 4E4 and shall comply with the requirements prescribed therein.
5.2 Caps—Cylindrical metal caps that, when cemented to the specimen ends, provide a means through which the direct tensile
load can be applied. The diameter of the metal caps shall not be less than that of the test specimen, nor shall it exceed the test
1
specimen diameter by more than 1.10 times. Caps shall have a thickness of at least 30 mm (1 ⁄4 in.). Caps shall be provided with
a suitable linkage system for load transfer from the loading device to the test specimen. The linkage system shall be so designed
that the load will be transmitted through the axis of the test specimen without the application of bending or torsional stresses. The
length of the linkages at each end shall be at least two times the diameter of the metal end caps. One such system is shown in Fig.
1.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D-18D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
ϵ2
Current edition approved June 15, 1995. Published August 1995. Originally published as D 2936–71. Last previous edition D 2936–84 (1989) .
ϵ1
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D2936 – 95 (2004) . DOI:
10.1520/D2936-08.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
, Vol 04.08.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural quarried stone or large boulders and cobbles. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.  
5.2 Deterioration of stone in this test is one indicator that similar samples exposed to wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles may break down in a water-soaked environment condition in service.  
5.3 This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method provides a quantitative value indicating potential resistance to weathering; however, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing for and quantitative determination of the presence of swelling clays of the smectite group in rock for erosion control. The test particles are intended to be representative of erosion control rock and its durability. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials.  
1.2 Ethylene glycol is one of the materials that react with swelling clays to form an organoclay complex having a larger basal spacing than that of the clay mineral itself. Rock containing swelling clay of the smectite group will be expected to undergo expansive breakdown upon soaking in ethylene glycol. If the amount, distribution, state of expansion, and ability to take up glycol is such as to cause such breakdown to occur, it may be expected that similar breakdown may occur of similar rock samples exposed, for longer times, to wetting and drying or freezing and thawing in a water-soaked condition in service.  
1.3 The prepared size of the rock specimens may eliminate some of the internal features present in the gross structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation.  
1.3.1 The test is time intensive and requires over two weeks to complete the sample preparation, testing and analysis portions of the procedure.  
1.4 The use of reclaimed concrete and materials other than natural rock is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.  
1.5.2 The SI units presented for apparatus are substitutions of the inch-pound units, other similar SI units should be acceptable providing they meet the technical requirements established by the inch-po...

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ASTM D5240/D5240M-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.  
5.2 The sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate soundness test is one method by which to estimate qualitatively the durability of rock under weathering conditions. This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value, but rather an indication of the resistance to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability.  
5.3 This test method has been used to evaluate many different types of rocks. There have been occasions when test results have provided data that have not agreed with the durability of rock under actual field conditions; samples yielding a low soundness loss have disintegrated in actual usage, and the reverse has been true.
Note 1: The quality of results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors and Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of them.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers test procedures for evaluating the soundness of rock for erosion control by the effects of a sodium or magnesium sulfate solution on slabs of rock. It is an accelerated weathering test. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be representative of erosion control sized materials and their inherent weaknesses. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials.  
1.1.1 The limitations of this test are twofold. First the test is a simulation of freezing and thawing conditions using accelerated life cycling techniques. The test evaluates the internal expansive force derived from the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, an event that may not occur in some natural environments, to simulate the expansion of water rather than the actual freezing of water. Secondly, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects present in the rock structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation.  
1.2 The use of reclaimed concrete and other materials for erosion control is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.  
1.3.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practi...

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ASTM
ASTM D6910/D6910M-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Marsh Funnel Viscosity of Construction Slurries

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity is a fundamental characteristic for slurries in construction applications. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity test can be used for field quality control of slurries. Relative changes in slurry viscosity can be identified using Marsh Funnel measurements and modifications can be made to mixing and handling procedures.
Note 1: The development of the Marsh Funnel is credited to Hallan N. Marsh of Los Angeles who published the design and use of his funnel viscometer in 1931.  
5.2 This test method allows for the assessment of the apparent viscosity of construction slurries in the laboratory and in the field. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity is not a true viscosity, it is an index value and can only be used to assess the relative viscosity of the slurry to water. Higher MFV values are obtained for slurries with higher viscosity and lower MFV values are obtained for slurries with lower viscosity.  
5.3 In this test, it is assumed that the apparent viscosity of a slurry is directly related to the flow duration through a specially shaped funnel (the Marsh Funnel).  
5.4 In slurry construction applications, the viscosity of a slurry must be maintained within a predetermined range to stabilize the surrounding soil being supported.  
5.5 The Marsh Funnel Viscosity has been widely used in drilling soil and rock for water wells and oil, gas, soil stabilization, foundation drilling, and hydraulic barrier applications.  
5.6 Inert suspended solids (such as fine sands, clays, and cement) and additives affect the viscosity of slurries. This test may be used to determine the relative effects of these and other such materials on the viscosity of a slurry.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling/inspection/etc. Us...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides an indirect measurement of the viscosity of construction slurries using a funnel (Marsh Funnel) and a graduated cup with specific volume marks. This test method provides an indicator of the viscosity on a routine basis. This test method has been modified from the API Recommended Practice 13B-1.  
1.2 The result determined using the method is referred to as the Marsh Funnel Viscosity. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity is an index property and is not an actual measurement of viscosity.  
1.3 This test can be performed in the laboratory or in the field to assess the Marsh Funnel Viscosity of a slurry for quality control purposes.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7626-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Organic Treat Loading of Organophilic Clay

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard test method is intended as an index test to determine the organic treat loading of organophilic clay. This standard test method can be used for manufacturing quality control and construction quality assurance material evaluation.  
5.2 The percent organic treat loading of organophilic clay is a relative indicator of its adsorptive capacity. Organophilic clay is used for remediation of contaminated sediment, soil, and groundwater.  
5.3 The two test methods denote different devices, a muffle furnace and a thermal gravimetric analyzer. The thermal gravimetric analyzer may be programmed to reach a higher temperature than the muffle furnace, but the organic matter will be burnt off at 750 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers two index test methods that can be used in the evaluation of the amount of organic compound chemically bonded to the base clay portion of a representative sample of organophilic clay.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
Note 1: This standard is presented using SI units. Use of units other than SI is allowed. However, if other units are used, the performance of a units conversion check of the calculations should be included as a part of the calculations.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 Two test methods are provided in this standard. The methods differ in equipment, the size of the specimen (mass) required and the significant digits reported.  
1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of the reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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