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ASTM D4751-12

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile

Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil. This test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension available for soil to pass through.
Test Method D4751 for the determination of opening size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, between laboratories, are being established.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4751 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
TABLE 1 Glass Bead Sizes   Bead Size Range PassingRetainedBead Size DesignationA mmSieve NumberBmmSieve NumberBmmSieve Number 2.0101.70121.712 1.4141.18161.1816 1.00180.850200.85020 0.710250.600300.60030 0.500350.425400.42540 0.355450.300500.30050 0.250600.212700.21270 0.180800.150100 0.150100  0.125120 0.106140 0.106140  0.090170 0.075200 0.075200
A The designated bead size is the “retained on” size of the sieve pair used to size the beads. For example, beads designated No. 40 are bea...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile by sieving glass beads through a geotextile.
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2012
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.03 - Permeability and Filtration
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4751-04 - Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Replaced By
ASTM D4751-16 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D6685-01(2015) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Fabrics Used for Fabric Formed Concrete (FFC)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D5567-94(2018) - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio (HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile Systems
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D8102-17 - Standard Practice for Manufacturing Quality Control of Geotextiles
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D5101-12(2017) - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6707/D6707M-06(2019) - Standard Specification for Circular-Knit Geotextile for Use in Subsurface Drainage Applications
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6917-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D8490-23a - Standard Test Method for Determining the Pore Size Characteristics of Geotextiles Using an Optical Method
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7351/D7351M-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Sediment Retention Device (SRD) Effectiveness in Sheet Flow Applications
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM E2777-20 - Standard Guide for Vegetative (Green) Roof Systems
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7001-20 - Standard Specification for Geocomposites for Pavement Edge Drains and Other High-Flow Applications
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7273/D7273M-08(2020) - Standard Guide for Acceptance Testing Requirements for Geonets and Geonet Drainage Geocomposites
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6389-17 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geotextiles to Liquids
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6461/D6461M-22 - Standard Specifications for Silt Fence Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012

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ASTM D4751-12 - Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a GeotextileASTM D4751-12 - Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
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ASTM D4751-12 - Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4751 − 12
StandardTest Method for
1
Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4751; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 apparent opening size(AOS),O , n—for a geotextile,
1.1 This test method covers the determination the apparent
95
a property that indicates the approximate largest particle that
opening size (AOS) of a geotextile by sieving glass beads
would effectively pass through the geotextile.
through a geotextile.
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI units and
4. Summary of Test Method
inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for
thesystemofmetricunitsknownastheInternationalSystemof
4.1 A geotextile specimen is placed in a sieve frame, and
Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the
sized glass beads are placed on the geotextile surface. The
customary units used in the United States. The values in
geotextile and frame are shaken laterally so that the jarring
inch-pound units are provided for information only.
motionwillinducethebeadstopassthroughthetestspecimen.
The procedure is repeated on the same specimen with various
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the size glass beads until its apparent opening size has been
determined.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. 5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents 5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles
2
necessitatescompatibilitybetweenitandtheadjacentsoil.This
2.1 ASTM Standards:
test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a
C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening
Aggregates
dimension available for soil to pass through.
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D4238 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of Textiles
5.2 Test Method D4751 for the determination of opening
3
(Withdrawn 1996)
size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
shipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, be-
Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
tween laboratories, are being established.
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
reported test results when using Test Method D4751 for
Sieves
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
3. Terminology
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
3.1 Definitions: For general geosynthetics terms used in this
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
standard, refer to Terminology D4439.
bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
specimens that are homogeneous as possible and that are from
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-
ability and Filtration.
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
approved in 1993. Last previous version approved in 2004 as D4751 – 04. DOI:
laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for
10.1520/D4751-12.
2
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
the ASTM website.
3
suppliermustagreetointerpretfuturetestresultsinthelightof
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. the known bias.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4751
...

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5.3 The method is applicable to testing both in the laboratory and in the field for parent material and seams. The test durations are very short as wave transmission through ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a summary of equipment and procedures for ultrasonic testing of geomembranes using the pulse echo method.  
1.2 Ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is correlated to physical and mechanical properties and condition of the materials. In ultrasonic testing, two wave propagation characteristics are commonly determined: velocity (based on wave travel time measurements) and attenuation (based on wave amplitude measurements). Velocity of wave propagation is used to determine thickness, density, and elastic properties of materials. Attenuation of waves in solid materials is used to determine microstructural properties of the materials. In addition, frequency characteristics of waves are analyzed to investigate the properties of a test material. Travel time, amplitude, and frequency distribution measurements are used to assess the condition of materials to identify damage and defects in solid materials. Ultrasonic measurements are used to determine the nature of materials/media in contact with a test specimen as well. Measurements are conducted in the time-domain (time versus amplitude) or frequency-domain (frequency versus amplitude).  
1.3 Measurements of one or more ultrasonic wave transmission characteristics are made based on the requirements of the specific testing program.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6992-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5322-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a standard immersion procedure for investigating the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic to a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical in a laboratory environment. The conditions specified in this practice are intended both to provide a basis of standardization and to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic material(s) in a laboratory environment. Practice D5496 can be used should the user need to assess the performance of a geosynthetic in field conditions.  
4.2 This practice is not intended to establish, by itself, the behavior of geosynthetics when exposed to liquids. Such behavior, referred to as chemical resistance, can be defined only in terms of specific chemical solutions and methods of testing and evaluation criteria selected by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers laboratory immersion procedures for the testing of geosynthetics for chemical resistance to liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This standard is not applicable to some geosynthetics such as geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), because of their composite nature requiring a confining pressure during immersion. However, individual geosynthetic components of the GCL can be tested.  
1.3 This standard was originally developed to supplement and expand EPA 9090 to include all geosynthetics. EPA 9090 has not been updated since 1992.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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